以植树为话题英语作文及翻译(精选10篇)
It was breezy yesterday and the weather was comfortable. My class teacher led our students go to plant trees near the suburbs. We took a bus there and then we started to work. We first weeded the grass together. Then the boys dug pits and girls planted the young trees into the pits. All of us worked very hard. In a short time, we were all wet with sweat. After the young trees planted, we began to water. There is a pond near, so we took water easily. At about four o’clock in the afternoon, we finished all work and took a photo to remember this meaningful day. We were tired but happy.
昨天风和日丽,天气很舒适。我们老师带学生到郊区附近种树。我们坐公车到那然后开始劳动。我们先一起除了杂草。接着男孩子挖坑,女孩子帮树苗种到坑里。我们都很卖力。过了一会我们全都汗湿了。种完了树苗我们就开始浇水。附近有一个池塘,所以我们很容易就提到水了。大约下午四点的时候,我们完成了任务并拍照纪念这有意义的一天。我们都很累但是很开心。
翻译原文:
(1)Hydrocarbon exploration(or oil and gas exploration)is the search by petroleum geologists and geophysicists for hydrocarbon deposits beneath the Earth's surface,such as oil and natural gas.(2)Oil and gas exploration are grouped under the science of petroleum geology.
(3)Visible surface features such as oil seeps,natural gas seeps,pockmarks(underwater craters caused by escaping gas)provide basic evidence of hydrocarbon generation(be it shallow or deep in the Earth).(4)However,most exploration depends on highly sophisticated technology to detect and determine the extent of these deposits using exploration geophysics.(5)Areas thought to contain hydrocarbons are initially subjected to a gravity survey,magnetic survey,passive seismic or regional seismic refl ection surveys to detect large-scale features of the sub-surface geology.(6)Features of interest(known as leads)are subjected to more detailed seismic surveys which work on the principle of the time it takes for reflected sound waves to travel through matter(rock)of varying densities and using the process of depth conversion to create a profi le of the substructure.(7)Finally,when a prospect has been identified and evaluated and passes the oil company's selection criteria,an exploration well is drilled in an attempt to conclusively determine the presence or absence of oil or gas.
译文:
(1)油气勘探(或石油和天然气勘探)是指石油地质学家和地球物理学家寻找地下的油气藏,如石油和天然气。(2)油气勘探属于石油地质科学。
(3)油苗、天然气渗出、麻坑(由于天然气逃逸行成的海底凹坑)等明显的地表特征提供了油气生成(于地表或地下深处)的基本依据。(4)但是,大多数勘探依赖于地球物理高尖端技术来探测和确定油藏的范围。(5)一开始对于预测有油气的区域,一般采用重力测量、磁力测量,无源地震法或区域反射地震法来检测地下整体地质特征。(6)了解产油层的特点(称之为线索)需要进行详细的地震测量,计算反射声波穿越不同密度物质(岩石)的时间,并且运用的深度转换创建地下地层剖面图。(7)最后,如果油藏的开采价值在经过定位和评估之后,通过了石油公司的筛选标准,将钻探勘探井以确定石油或天然气是否存在。
这是一篇对石油产业描述的文章。是比较典型的科技英语文体。翻译的过程体现了科技英语词汇、词法、句法、和篇章结构等4方面的文体特征同时结合使用了一些翻译技巧。
一、词汇
词汇是语言结构中的一级语法单位,也是承载语言意义的最基本单位,因此正确理解、翻译石油英语专业词汇也就成了正确翻译石油英语的前提。隶属于科技英语范畴的石油英语具有较强的专业性,在词汇方面具有区别于其他科技文体的特征,主要表现为词汇的专业性、简洁性、抽象性、形象性和跨学科性。
1. 大量使用专业术语。
使用专业术语可以避免含糊不清和一词多义,增加了科技文章的学术气氛。文中的专业术语分为2类:(1)石油专业专有名词,如reservoir油藏pockmarks麻坑,recovery采油.对专业术语的翻译应该注意规范化,凡约定俗成的译名,不要随意更动。(2)来源为普通词汇,但赋予了新的词义,如表1中列举了石油英语中常见的普通词术语化实例、普通词义、中介义素及规范译名。表1石油英语中普通词汇术语化示例
2. 普通词汇翻译与篇章意义结合。
例1:
ST:Over the lifetime of the well the pressure will fall,and at some point there will be insufficient underground pressure to force the oil to the surface.
TT:在油井整个运行周期里油井的压力会下降,当压力下降到某个压力值,压力就不能把油举升到地面。
CNKI网上词典对“lifetime”“寿命,终身”等,如果译者翻译为“寿命”,语义上也能够为读者接受,但是考虑到科技英语翻译的规范性,为求译文更加准确专业,最后选择“运行周期”,从而使译文更加通顺,也容易被相关的专业读者所接受。
例2:
ST:Visible surface features such as oil seeps,natural gas seeps,pockmarks(underwater craters caused by escaping gas)provide basic evidence of hydrocarbon generation
TL:油苗,气苗,麻坑(由于天然气逃逸形成的海底凹坑)的是油气生成最基本的证据。
虽然“underwater craters”means的字面意思为“水下火山口,弹坑”。但是通过查阅专业资料,我们知道麻坑过去一般是指深度在35m之内,直径在10~200 m之内的圆形或者椭圆形海底凹坑,直径超过250m的则被称为“大麻坑”,直径在千米级别的则被称为巨型麻坑(Pilcher R,Argent J.2007.)所以,这里虽然看起来是“火山口”但是翻译为“海底凹坑”更为准确。
二、词法
科技英语词法方面的主要特征就是其名词化(Nominalization)倾向.广泛使用表示动作或状态的抽象名词,运用这种动词的名词化手段,能有效地简化叙事的层次和结构,减少使用句子和从句的频率,使行文更直接、紧凑和简洁.这些名词的汉译往往要转译为汉语的动词,才会使译文通顺,符合汉语的习惯。所以广泛采用名词连用形。
例3:
SL:Recognition of generative depressions is achieved by overlaying organic fades maps and maturation maps of each key petroleum source horizon.
TL:根据纵向分布的主要烃源岩的有机相图和成熟度图可以准确识别产油拗陷。
句中recognition是动词recognize的名词化,把具体的行为上升为抽象的概念,从而使recognition of generative depressions形成一个复杂、抽象的整体概念;状语部分也有两个名词化结构,由by引导,做each key petroleum source horizon的修饰语。名词连用也可简化语言结构,使文章言简意赅。名词连用形式多采用直译法。
三、句法
1. 广泛使用被动语态句式。
科技英语的叙述对象是事物、现象和过程,其注重的是其叙述的客观事实,强调的是所叙述的事物本身,而不需要过多地注意它的行为主体是什么。这时使用被动语态不仅比较客观,而且便于集中精力对事物和现象进行分析和研究。
译成汉语的主动句或汉语的无主句。科技文体注重表述客观事实、过程和结果,故常用被动语态。但英语常用结构被动式,少用意义被动式;与此相反,汉语则常用意义被动式,少用结构被动式。翻译石油英语中的被动句时,应注重英汉语被动结构的差异,采取灵活处理的方式译为汉语的无主句、主动句、被动句、把字句和是字句。值得一提的是,在笔者一搜集的500多句石油英语的被动句语料中,译为汉语无主句和主动句的超过70%。
例4:
SL:Estimates of the recovery factor cannot be made with a degree of reliability until a reasonable amount of production history has been accumulated.
TL:译文:只有积累了足够的采油史资料,才能对采收率做出可靠的估算。
根据汉语的思维习惯,行为必然由人来完成,这种不言自明的思维方式使汉语表达时常隐藏动作的施事者一,而更多地关注受事者一。句中的两个被动结构estimates}}}be made和production history has been accumulated,强调的是动作行为,故而可以译为汉语的无主句。
2. 长句使用较多。
例5:
SL:A permeability trap bed occurs When reservoir and impermeable beds are separate zones of the same bed differing in permeability,the reservoir bed being permeable the upper and lower beds impermeable;an example might be a permeable sandstone whip becomes tight because of fi ne silt which closes the openings between the grains.
TL:当储集层和非渗透性盖层分属同一岩层的不同渗透性的独立带时,就会出现渗透性圈闭,因为储集层是渗透性的而上下盖层则是非渗透性的;比如由于细粉砂堵塞了颗粒之间的孔隙而变得致密的渗透性砂岩。
四、修辞的特点
1. 多采用一般现在时和现在完成时。
翻译原文7句话中有1句是现在完成时,其余6句都是一般现在时。其中一些是叙述过程,一些叙述客观事实或科学定理,或通常发生的行为。当其用一般现在时,给人以“无时间性”(timeless)的概念,以排除任何与时间关联的误解。现在完成时则用来叙述已有的发现或研究成果。在翻译过程中可以加入语气助词“的”表判断或时态副词“总、总是、常、常常、往往、每每、一向、始终、都、现在、此时”等。
2. 修辞手法单调。
英语的文学体中有很多常见的修辞手法,如夸张(Hyperbole)、明喻(Simile),隐喻(Metaphor}、借喻(Metonymy)、拟人(Personification)和对照(Contrast)等等。但是这些手法在科技英语却很少见。若过多采用文学上的修辞法,会破坏科学的严肃性。
3. 广泛采用逻辑联系语。
本篇中有明确表示逻辑关系的关系词有in addition,however,again,after,while,还有隐性的逻辑关系,如第4句是用“祈使句+and”句型表示因果关系。
五、结语
石油英语涉及而非常广泛,且专业性强,具有很强的时效性,无论是石油勘探,钻井技术还是石油法律条文,石油贸易等无小需要采用专业对等的语言形式来传达原文信息。本文通过分析石油科技英语的文体特点和术语构词的特点,对比分析科技文体的英汉翻译,提出了相应的对于翻译策略,以便更好地为石油行业的跨国交流提供服务。
摘要:随着现代科学技术的发展,科技英语已成为一种重要的英语文体,而阅读和翻译科技英文文献也成为科研上作者一项基本素质。石油科技英语具有“客观性”、“规范性”、“科学性”和“现实性”等一般科技语篇特征。本文以笔者的翻译实践为例,辅以其它译例,拟就石油科技英语的文体特征,从词汇、词法、句法、修辞四个方面对比科技文体的英汉翻译并对科技英语的翻译策略进行探析。
关键词:科技英语,文体特征,翻译策略
参考文献
[1]翟天利.科技英语阅读与翻译实用教程[M].北京:新时代出版社,2003:5.
[2]戴文进.科技英语翻译理论与技巧[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003:56.
[3]Houp,K.W.&T.Pearsall.Reporting Technical Information(5d'edition).[M].New York:Macmillan Publishing Company,1984.
“叽叽叽!你要去哪儿呀?”小鸟在问。“我要去植树!”我自豪地回答。鸟儿朝我点了点头,张开那双美丽的翅膀,扑凌凌地飞走了。 每年的3月12日是植树节,每年的植树节前后,我和爸爸都要去田里种一棵树。而今年植树节的天气又特别好,我们怎能错过这个机会呢?
这次植树节,我和爸爸买了两棵枣树树苗,准备好铁锹和水桶,上田里去种树。我们来到以前种树的地方,看到去年和前年植树节种的树都发出了嫩绿的小芽。我欣喜不已,决定还在这一片地方种树。我选了一片草长得比较茂盛的地方,爸爸便用铁锹挖起坑来,我就去水沟边舀水,等我把水舀回来的时候,爸爸已经把坑挖好了,我连忙把小树苗插进坑里,用土填实,把水浇透,最后用脚踩实。接着,又用同样的方法种下了第二棵树苗。 看着我和爸爸亲手种的小树苗,我仿佛觉得天更蓝了,草更绿了。我想,树木对人类的贡献是巨大的,甚至关系到生死存亡。我们一定要保护树木,还要大力植树造林。明年的植树节,我还要和爸爸一起植树。
我们一起植树去
前几天,妈妈打算3月12日带我去钱塘江对岸植树。但是,我突然发高烧,使得我不能去了,我非常遗憾。我多想在植树节这天种下一棵树,让它和我一起成长。
三月是春暖花开的日子,三月是万物复苏的日子,三月更是植树的日子。
前几天,妈妈打算3月12日带我去钱塘江对岸植树。但是,我突然发高烧,使得我不能去了,我非常遗憾。我多想在植树节这天种下一棵树,让它和我一起成长。
不过没关系,我收集到了一些关于植树节的知识。你们知道吗?只有中国的植树节是3月12日,因为植树要在春季植。世界上最奇怪的国家要数美国了。他们的每个州的植树节都不一样,因为那边的温度差异实在太大了。
树木能够抵挡沙尘暴,能够抵挡洪水,能够吸进空气里的灰尘,能够呼出新鲜的氧气,还能够清新空气呢!
没有植树的人们,快行动起来吧!
走,我们去植树
春天到了,少先队员们发起了植树的号召。就在这一天,他们迎着和煦的春风,迈着轻快的脚步,向山坡走去。一路上都回荡着少先队员们的欢声笑语,他们知道植树有许多许多的好处,所以很开心为祖国增添一片新绿。
林雪扛着几棵小树苗,徐明拿着铲子,负责挖树坑,培土。而方莉拿着水桶,和旁边的两位少先队员们说说笑笑。到了植树的地方,林雪安排了大家各自的任务,就开始植树活动啦!徐明先翻了好几遍土,挖出了几个树坑。然后从林雪手中拿来小树苗,插入树坑底部中,再把刚刚挖出的熟土填入树坑中,把小树弄得牢牢地,一阵大风吹都吹不跑。虽然徐明累的满头大汗,但是他觉得他为祖国奉献了“绿色工厂”,满满的喜悦涌上心头。方莉在小树的根部倒入了水桶中二分之一的水,小树像突然精神了起来,几个小绿芽从树枝上窜了出来,好像在告诉我们,春天快要到来了呢!
Ambition is the decision one makes and the resolution with which he carries out that decision. It provides us with the required driving force to accomplish any undertakings in our life. Just as Joseph Epstein, a famous American writer put it, “And as we decide and choose, so are our lives formed.” Indeed, once we make up our minds to choose to do something, then our life becomes meaningful and specifically orientated. This notion of life, as far as I observe, is closest to truth and does apply to almost all aspects of life.
First things first, ambition renders us a sense of mission. No matter what decision you make you have to be responsible for your choice. Your choice procures you a sense of orientation, or more specially a sense of mission. And only a strong mission may enable one to accomplish greatness. Caesar of the ancient Roman Empire was urged by his ambition “I came, I saw, I conquered.” And became an unrivaled empire builder in the history of Rome. John Milton, stimulated always by his ambition that aimed at writing some “mighty lines” which England would unwillingly forget, had in due time secured his position as the second Shakespeare in the history of English literature.
In the second place, ambition can bring one’s potentials to the full. Ambition may well serve as a catalyst activating one’s dormant potentials. Without ambition one’s potentials will remain slumbering like a dormant volcano. A case in point is Ms Zhang Haidi, a Chinese Helen Keller. It was her ambition to be a useful person has turned the almost paralyzed Zhang Haidi into a well-accomplished figure whose achievements would dwarf those of some normal people aim at the sun, though, at worst, they may probably land on the moon.
Influential as it is upon us, however, ambition must be channeled in the right direction. If wrongly directed, one’s ambition may bring havoc on him and others. Hitler, whose ambition was to conquer Europe by whattever evil means, finally turned him into a demon. It was this demon that almost cast Europe into an unfathomable abyss of anguish and suffering. Another case is Macbeth whose ambition was to become the king of Scotland. However, his ambition was materialized by the murder of King Duncan. Consequently, unbearable guilt and psychological agony drove him to his tragic doom.
【参考译文】
毕业感想
我要感谢你在过去的学期里给我的所有帮助。当我问你问题时,你总是那么有耐心。你仔细听他们解释了一切。你给了我不同的练习和记忆新单词和用法的方法。我感到如此鼓舞,在讲英语时变得更自在。你锻炼那么有趣,我总是非常渴望参与和实践。我的英语进步很大。我该怎么感谢你呢?我等不及要上你们的课了,继续学英语吧。
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As is known to all, the cellphone is very widely used, especially by teenagers who live the life “on the go”. They think it a useful tool for daily life, so they want to have one.
Many students think if they have a cellphone, they can keep in touch with their families and friends. They think owing a cellphone is good for their life. Some parents also share the same idea.
However, some people don’t agree that students should bring cellphones to school. First, they think it is bad for the students’ health to use cellphones. Second, it will add burden to parents because students usually depend on their parents. Third, if students use cellphones in school, they may not keep their minds on their studies. They may spend most of their time sending text messages or playing games.
In my opinion, I think owing a cellphone is not a bad thing. However, we should use the cellphones at the right moment. In class, we should make full use of our time to study. Do not use cellphones in class to interrupt others. If in emergency, it is not a bad choice to use cellphones.
【参考译文】
众所周知,手机被广泛使用,尤其是那些过着“忙碌生活”的青少年。他们认为它是日常生活的有用工具,所以他们想要一个。
许多学生认为,如果他们有手机,他们可以与家人和朋友保持联系。他们认为拥有手机对他们的生活有好处。有些家长也有同样的想法。
然而,有些人不同意学生带手机去学校。首先,他们认为使用手机对学生的.健康有害。第二,它会给父母增加负担,因为学生通常依赖父母。第三,如果学生在学校里使用手机,他们就不会把心思放在学习上。他们可能大部分时间都在发短信或玩游戏。
Teenagers like to computer games so much, some even drop out of the class and they hang around the street, going to the Internet bar, and are immerged themselves in the computer games. As we all known, Internet bar is not a good place for teenagers to come. First, there are all kinds of people in that places.It has been reported that many accidents have happened in the Internet bar, some people have fought each other and then cut people, even people died there. It is so dangerous. Second, as the teenagers are so innocent, they may be seduced by some bad people in the Internet bar, the teenagers may be adducted to other places and never come home again. Internet bar is not a safe place for teenagers, so they should learn protect themselves and stay away from it.
青少年很喜欢玩电脑游戏,一些人甚至旷课,他们在街上到处晃荡,去到网吧里面,沉浸在电脑游戏里面。我们都知道,网吧对于青少年来说不是一个该去的好地方。第一,网吧里面有形形色色的人。据报道,很多事故发生在网吧里面,一些人彼此间打架,然后砍人,甚至有人死掉。这是多么危险啊。第二,青少年相对比较天真,他们可能会在网吧里面收到坏人的诱导,也有可能被坏人绑架到别的地方,永远不能再回家。网吧对于青少年来说不是一个安全的地方,所以他们应该学着保护自己,远离网吧。
To be or nor to be, that is a question. To succeed or to fail? How tosucceed and how to achieve? These problems confuse many teenagers innowadays.
We all have dreams, and we all work hard to realize them. But there willalways be some problems and setbacks to stop the pace of advance. When theyappear, what should we do? To stop or to go on? Mrs. Curie told us the answer.We all know that Mrs. Curie discovered radium, but how many people really knowhow hard she worked? At that time, there were many people disapprove of Mrs.Curie. Although she got over hundreds of difficulties, she still believed inherself and never gave up. Finally, she succeeded to discover radium. She provedthat she was right by her continuous hard work and her strong spirit. We shouldlearn from Mrs. Curie. She told us the truth through her own experiences thatbelieve in yourself, you can do it! Never give up, face the difficulties with asmile, someday, you will be proud of yourself.
Good manners are necessary because one is judged by his manners. One’s manners not only show what kind of education he has received and what his social position is, but they also tend to show what his nature is.
Good manners means good behaviour in social communication. A person with good manners is always agreeable companion, because he is always thinking of others and respect others. He will not push through a crowd, but wait quietly for his turn to advance. Good manners are not the exceptionally great deeds but they can tell that the person who possesses them is a man of highest standards.
To learn good manners, one must first of all bear in mind that they arise from one’s daily behaviour—the way he responds to others and the manner he behaves in front of people. To be a man of good manners, he must be genuinely polite to others and show respect for others. In short, politeness costs nothing and gains everything.
【参考译文】
礼貌是必要的,因为评判一个人需要通过他的举止。一个人的礼仪不仅表现出他受到什么样的教育以及他的社会地位,但也倾向于展示他的本质是什么。
良好的举止意味着良好的社会交往行为。一个有礼貌的人总是一位称心如意的伴侣,因为他总是想着他人,尊重他人。他不会挤进一群人中,而是静静地等待他前进的.时刻。礼貌不是特别伟大的事迹,但可以告诉人们谁是一个拥有最高标准的人。
The environmental protection is not only the business of the government, but also the responsibility of each of us. Even a small effort can make a great difference, so let’s take actions from now on to protect our environment.
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