高中英语形容词和副词（精选8篇）
1.immediate
adj立即的，即刻的；立刻的，马上
2.clear
adj 清楚的，清晰的 3.cautious
adj小心翼翼的 4.vivid
adj 生动的，逼真的 5.exactly
adv1.确切地,精确地;完全地 2.恰好地,正好地
6.fortunately
adv.幸运地
3.(用于答语)完全正确。（的确这样）
7.surprisingly
adv令人惊讶的8.hardly
adv 几乎不
9.instead
adv代替，相反
10.properly
adv 适当地；正确地；恰当地 11.specially
adv专门
12.reliable
adj 可靠的，可信赖的 13.simply
adv 简单地；仅仅，只不过
14.namely
adv即，也就是 15.not nearly = far from = nowhere near远非，远远不，一点也不
16.patient
adj耐心的；n 病人 17.plain
adj简单的，朴素的18.familiar
adj熟悉的;19.lucky
adj 幸运的 20.amazing
adj令人惊异的，21.accidentally adv 1.偶然地;意外地 2.附带地
22.silent
adj沉默的 23.calm
adj平静的24.secret
adj 秘密的 25.otherwise
adv 否则
26.meanwhile
adv期间，同时 27.besides
adv除…..以外还有
28.efficient
adj高效的，有效的 29.flexible
adj 灵活的30.complex
adj复杂的 awkward
adj 尴尬的，笨拙的 clumsy
complicated
adj 难懂的，复杂的 31.smooth
adj平稳的，光滑的，顺利的32.regularly
adv 定期的，有规律的 33.sensitive
adj 敏感的，体贴的 34.honest
adj诚实的 35.confident
adj自信的 36.shy
adj.1.害羞的，腼腆2.羞涩的 37.thoughtful
adj 1.深思的,沉思的 2.富有思想的;经认真推敲的 38.lighthearted and optimistic adj无忧无虑而且非常乐观
39.nevertheless
adj然而
40.private
adj私人的(private cars)41.personal
adj个人的(personal belongings)
42.unique
adj唯一的,独一无二的;独特的 43.favorable
adj赞同的，有利的44.precious adj 宝贵的，珍贵的previous 45.essential
adj必要的，重要的46.worthwhile
adj 值得的47.physical
adj体力的，物理的48.sudden
adj 突然的 49.merely
adv仅仅，只
only
50.rarely
adv 罕见的 51.splendidly
adj 极好地，灿烂地
wonderful
52.increasingly adv 越来越多地 53.naturally
adv自然地
54.accurate
adj精确的，准确的 55.ridiculous
adj可笑的，荒谬的 56.urgent
adj紧急的，急迫的 57.shallow
adj浅的，肤浅的 58.frequently
adv经常地,频繁地 59.especially
adv特别地，尤其地 particularly
60.obviously
adv显而易见 apparent 61.necessarily adv必要地，必须地，必然地
62.generally
adv一般地，通常地 63.eventually
adv最终，最后
65.acceptable
adj可以接受的 67.accessible
adj易接近的，易受影响的，可理解的69.approximately
adv大约
71.punctual
adj守时的 73.neatly
adv整洁地
75.highly
adv高度地，非常地
77.extremely adv极端地，非常
79.eagerly
adv热切地；渴望地
81.slightly
adv稍微，轻微地
83.lately
adv最近，近来
85.energetic
adj精力充沛的，有活力的87.impressive adj 影象深刻的 88.traditional adj 传统的90.similar
adj 类似的，相似的 92.sooner or later
迟早，早晚，94.once in a while
偶尔，时而不时
96.willingly
adv情愿地
unwillingly
adv 不情愿地
99.doubtful adj.可疑的；令人生疑的；疑心的；不能确定的 100.respectable adj 值得尊敬的respectful
64.adoptable
adv可采用的,可收养的 66.available(adj)可利用的,可使用的，可得到的 68.relatively
adv 相对地，比较地
70.absolutely
adv绝对正确，72.gentle
adj温柔的74.entirely
adv完全地
76.strongly
adv强烈地，坚固地
78.reasonably
adv合乎情理地
80.badly
adv很，非常
82.equally
adv平等地
84.enthusiastic adj热情的;热烈的;热心的86.talkative
adj 1.喜欢说话的 2.多嘴的 3.健谈的 89.practical
adj 1.实践的,实际的 91.convenient adj 方便的，便利的93.more or less 或多或少，差不多，几乎 95.now and then 偶尔，有时
97.unexpectedly adv 出乎意料地
98.unforgettable adj不易忘记的100.hardly / scarcely
adv几乎不
一、形容词和副词的基本用法
1. 形容词在句中一般作定语、表语、补语。 形容词用逗号与句子隔开,在句中作状语。
【考例1】As ______ (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly ...(2015年全国卷II)
解析:natural。形容词作定语修饰名词architects。
【考例2】Hans Zhang was(自豪的) of himself for not giving up.(2015年陕西卷)
解析:proud。be proud of“对……引以为豪”。形容词proud作was的表语。
【考例3】(shock), I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away.(2015年上海卷)
解析:Shocked。过去分词shocked用作形容词,在句中作状语。
2. 副词在句中主要作状语,修饰谓语动词或系表结构。
【考例1】Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people ...(2015年全国卷I)
解析:regularly。修饰动词arranges应用副词regularly。
【考例2】改错:How nice to see you again! Dad and I were terrible worried.(2015年全国II卷)
解析:terrible改为terribly。应用副词terribly修饰系表结构were worried。
【考例3】(lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day.(2015年广东卷)
解析:Luckily。luckily为副词,意为“幸运的是”。luckily在句中作状语,放在句首修饰整个句子。
【考例4】Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat( slow) during cool nights, thus warming the house.(2015年全国II卷)
解析:slowly。用slow的副词形式slowly修饰动词短语give out。
二、形容词和副词的比较等级
1.平级比较
常用as...as, not as / so...as,as +形容词+ as 。注意区分下列固定结构: as long as “与…… 一样长”; as far as “与……一样远,就……而言”; as well as “与……一样好,既……又……”。
【考例】完成句子
没有哪项技术的发展像电子技术这样,对我们的社会、经济以及文化等诸多方面产生过如此重要的影响。
No other technological development has had ____as the growth of electronics on so many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development. (impact) ( 2014年湖北卷)
解析:as great an impact / such a great impact。本题考查as...as结构引导的同级比较。注意as...as结构中间的名词应该置于形容词之后。
2. 比较级
【考例1】While finding information is easier than ever, at the same time, researching has become____complex.(2015年湖南卷)
解析:more。根据上文中的“Research has become both simpler and more complex.”可知, 本空填more。
【考例2】The result is what amounts to a huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term “automatic shop” is far(appropriate).(2014年上海卷)
解析:more appropriate。自动售货机英语为huge outdoor vending machine,但是作者认为用术语“automatic shop”相比之下应是“较合适”,即用比较级形式。由于appropriate为多音节形容词,故前面加more。
【注1】用“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示 “越……,越……”。
【考例】The____(hard) you try to beat him, the more likely you will get hit. He controls you! (2014年辽宁卷)
解析:harder。本题考查“the + 比较级, the+比较级”结构。
【注2】“否定词+比较级”表达最高级。
【考例】翻译:没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。(than)(2014年上海卷)
_______________________________________ _______________________________________
解析:There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel program.
3. 最高级
【考例1】It was (nice) gift I'd ever received, and it was from a complete stranger.(2015年上海卷)
解析:the nicest。形容词最高级修饰的名词,其后常接含有完成时的定语从句。
【考例2】改错:My mum makes the better biscuits in the world...(2015年陕西卷)
解析:better改成best。名词biscuits后用in the world修饰,其前需要用最高级best修饰, 故把better改成best。
【考例3】完成句子
这部小说曾经是美国高中阅读最广泛的书。
This novel was once the____book in high schools in the United States. (read)(2014年湖北卷)
解析:most widely read。“阅读最广泛的书”,可译为the most widely read book。
三、倍数表达法
1. 倍数+as +形容词/ 副词的原级+as...
2. 倍数+形容词 / 副词的比较级+ than...
3. 倍数+ the +名词(如size, height, weight,length, width等)+of...
4. 倍数+as+ 形容词+ a / an+ 名词+as...
5. 倍数 +as many ( 或much ) +名词+ as...
6. 倍数 + what从句 / that of...
【考例1】It ’s said that the power plant is now____large as what it was.(2013年安徽卷)
A. twice asB. as twice
C. twice muchD. much twice
解析:A。根据空格后面的as判断,形容词large前面必须加as,倍数twice放在第一个as的前面。
【考例2】There are a small number of people involved, possibly____twenty.(2013年江西卷)
A. as few asB. as little as
C. as many as D. as much as
解析:A。题中people是可数名词,常用few或many修饰。
四、形容词和副词的顺序
1. 多个形容词修饰名词的排列顺序是考试常考的内容,大家应该记住下列口诀:限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老,颜色国籍出材料,作用类别往后靠。
【考例】It's a___clock, made of brass and dating from the nineteenth century.(2013年上海卷)
A. charming French small
B. French small charming
C. small French charming
D. charming small French
解析:D。选项中的charming属于描绘性的,small是大小,French是国籍。
2. 副词修饰形容词的特殊词序:so / as /how / that / too+形容词+a(an)+单数可数名词。
【考例】I make $2,000 a week, 60 surely won't make___difference to me.
A. that a bigB. a that big
C. big a that D. that big a
解析:D。副词that表示“那么……”修饰形容词big,相当于so及how的用法,即that(so /how) big a difference。
五、连接副词
副词起连接作用,使前后句构成某种逻辑上的衔接。常见的连接副词有therefore, besides, otherwise, however, moreover, thus, meanwhile等。
【考例1 】 Many of us were raised with the saying “ Waste not, want not. ” None of us,_____ , can completely avoid waste in our lives. ( 2014年福建卷)
解析:however。根据句意可知上下文之间是转折关系,所以使用副词however表示转折, 前后都需要使用逗号隔开。
【考例2】It's our hope that we will play a greater role in the market place and,____,supply more jobs.(2014年安徽卷)
A. howeverB. anywhere
C. therefore D. otherwise
解析:C。本题中“we will play a greater role in the market place”与“supply more jobs”之间是因果关系,故选C。
六、表语形容词
active, afraid, alone, alive, alike, asleep,ashamed, awake, afloat, available, well, sorry, unable, worth, sure等表语形容词并非只能作表语,也可作补足语或后置定语。possible, impossible, probable, necessary, convenient, inconvenient等作表语时,常用it作主语,而不用“人” 作主语。likely既可用it作主语,也可用“人”作主语。
【考例1】—Can you lend me the book Gone with the Wind?
—Sorry. I returned it to the library just now.Maybe it is still___.
A. availableB. affordable
C. acceptable D. valuable
解析:A。根据下半句中的still可知用avail-able,而affordable“支付的起的”;acceptable“可接受的”;valuable“贵重的”均不符合题意。
【考例2】Would it befor you to pick me up at four o'clock and take me to the airport?
A. freeB. vacant
C. handyD. convenient
解析:D。it是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式。根据句意可知选convenient意为 “方便的”。
七、形容词、副词词义辨析
1. 掌握形容词、副词的基本意义或固定搭配。
【考例1 】 Listening is thus an active, not a____ , behavior consisting of hearing, understanding and remembering. ( 2015年浙江卷)
A. considerate B. sensitive
C. reliable D. passive
解析:D。considerate“考虑周全的”;sensitive“敏感的”;reliable“可靠的”;passive“被动的”。根据not可知前后是反义表达,所以选D。
【考例2】The police officers decided to conduct a thorough and_____review of the case.(2015年江苏卷)
A. comprehensiveB. complicated
C. consciousD. crucial
解析:A。comprehensive“综合的,全面的, 有理解力的”;complicated“复杂的”;conscious “有意识的”;crucial“至关重要的”。根据题意可知选A。
【考例3 】 The girl used to be shy, but is ____getting active in group work and is more willing to express herself. ( 2015年湖北卷)
A. graduallyB. usually
C. previously D. merely
解析:A。gradually“逐渐地”;usually“通常,经常”;previously“以前”;merely“仅仅”。根据题意可知选A。
【考例4】They gave money to the old people's home eitheror through their companies.(2015年安徽卷)
A. legallyB. sincerely
C. personallyD. deliberately
解析:C。legally“合法地”;sincerely“真诚地”;personally“个人而言”;deliberately“故意地”。根据题意可知选C。
2. 掌握一些特殊的形容词、副词用法。如修饰population用large / small,修饰price用high / low,下大雨用It rained heavily或a heavy rain;连词though, since, in case也可用作副词。
【考例1】The school was moved out of down-town as the number of students had grown too___.
A. small B. few
C. 1arge D. many
解析:C。the number of“……的数量”,其后的形容词应为“大小”(large/small),不用“多少”(many / few)。
【考例2】Playing on a frozen sports field sounds like a lot of fun. Isn't it rather risky,_______ ?
A. thoughB. alsoC. eitherD. too
解析: A 。前后两句之间是转折关系。
八、强化训练
(一)改错。找出下列句子中的错误并改正。
1. Global warming has already become a very seriously problem.
2. He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop.
3. I thought the biscuits were really well.
4. On the left-hand side of the class, I could easy see the football field.
5. So really friendship should be able to stand all sorts of tests.
6. Nearly five years before, and with the help of our father, my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes(圣女果)in our back garden.
7. As a result, the plants are growing somewhere.
8. The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.
9. We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost!
10. Don't panic or get out of line, and try to remain quiet and calmly.
11. The teachers here are kind and helpfully.They are not only our teachers but also our friends.
12. Just then a bird was flying over us. My uncles immediate jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird.
13. That is too much for us, considering how closely the houses are.
14. No one in the carriage had previous spoken to or even noticed the ticket-owner before.
15. I was taking a train to London's Victoria Station. I noticed that the carriage was noise and filled with people.
(二)完成句子。在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或用括号内单词的正确形式填空。
1. Hardly had Sabrina finished her words when Albert said____(sharp),“Don't be so mean,”pointing a finger of warning at her.
2. After knocking___(polite) at the door, the applicant entered the office of the general manager.
3. It's much more____(benefit) to say something like,“I think we had...”
4. Team members want and think____(high) of these qualities in a group leader.
5. It's lightweight, it's flexible, and —_______ important — it holds its shape.
6. Although it costs more to produce_______a typical soccer ball, Jahnigen estimates the One World Football can last 30 years. So far, it’s been given to kids in 143 countries.
7.“That would be a very____(reason)thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like outs,”Nick said.
8.“But such a small thing couldn't _______(possible) destroy a village.”
9. I like it. Nothing could be _______(sweet).
10. A note is often a___way to“talk” with a child than using the telephone.
11. Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is____(clean) than ever.
12. I cannot control my body well. My legs become___(pain)
13. It was____(bravery)of Mary to quit her job and start her own business.
14. Raymond’s parents wanted him to have____(good)possible education.
15. What was so____(impression) about Jasmine Westland’s victory was that she came first in the marathon bare-footed.
(三)短文填空。阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容( 1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
A
Habits, whether good or bad, are gradually formed. When a person does1certain thing again, he is driven by an unseen force to do the same thing2(repeat); then a habit is formed. Once a habit is formed , it is difficult, and sometimes3(possible) to get rid of. It is therefore very4( importance ) that we should pay great attention to the formation of the habits.
Children5form bad habits, some of which remain with them6long as they live. Laziness, lying, stealing and so on are all easily formed bad habits. However, there are many7habits formed in early life that are of great help. Many8( success ) men say much of their success has something to do with certain9( habit ) in early life like early rising and honesty. We should keep10from all the bad habits and try to form such good habits as will be good for ourselves and others.
B
This morning, my neighbor called me and asked me1(anxious), “ Are your dogs missing? ”
I was filled with2( nervous ) and immediately made a phone call to my wife, and then I replied with relief, “ No. They3(stay) at home. ” My neighbor is a sweet, kind and generous girl with4old -fashioned heart and spirit. She bakes cookies and shares them with neighbors. Today she found two small dogs walking down the street, so she brought them home.
I then suggested places5she could report the missing dogs. “ Most people wouldn't do anything about them, ” I said, “ Many cars and people passed by them this morning, ignoring them. You did the6( rightly ) thing. ” I went outside to look for someone who might
I went outside to look for someone who might be walking7the street, and I expected to hear the distant cry of someone calling the dogs' names.8no one did this.
If I were lost, I would hope someone would come looking for me. If I were crying alone, I9hope that someone would stop and wipe away my tears. Why10give a little love to dogs and other creatures?
参考答案与解析:
(一)改错
1. seriously改成serious 。 a very serious problem “一个很严重的问题”,修饰名词应用形容词serious 。
2. 去掉very 。他如此喜欢它以致于他快速地走进商 店 。 so...that... “ 如此……以致于……”。
3.well改成good。作表语用形容词,故well改成good 。
4. easy改成easily。修饰动词see ,应用副词easily。
5. really改成real。用形容词作前置定语, 修饰名词friendship 。
6. before改成ago 。 ago表示“从现在起的若干时间以前”意为“距今……以前”,需和过去时或过去进行时连用; before泛指“从过去起的若干时间以前”,意思是“距过去某时……以前”,常和完成时连用,这里谓语动词planted用的是过去式,故用ago 。
7. somewhere改成everywhere 。根据句意可知把somewhere (某地)改成everywhere (到处)。
8. taste改成tasty 。放在are后面,应该用形容词。 and是并列连词,连接前后两个形容词。
9. wonderfully改成wonderful 。 tomatoes是名词,应该用形容词修饰,副词常常修饰动词。
10. calmly改成calm 。 remain为系动词, 后接形容词作表语。
11. helpfully改成helpful 。考查形容词与副词。 and并列的是两个形容词作are的表语。
12. immediate改成immediately 。修饰动词jumped ,应用副词immediately 。
13. closely改成close。本句“ how close the houses are ”中的close本应该是在系动词are的后面,构成系表结构are close 。 closely是一个副词,副词通常不能和系动词连用构成系表结构。
14.previous改成previously 。本句中应该使用副词previously作状语,修饰谓语动词。形容词previous通常作为定语或者表语,不能作状语。
15. noise改成noisy 。本句中应该使用形容词noisy和系动词was构成系表结构,修饰车里当时的情况。同时noisy与后面的形容词短语filled with构成并列关系。
(二)完成句子
1. sharply 。根据句子结构可知应用sharp的副词形式sharply意为“严厉地,毫不客气地”。
2. politely。副词politely “礼貌地”,修饰动词knock 。
3. beneficial。根据句意和句子结构可知,本空应填benefit的形容词形式beneficial 。
4. highly。 think highly of意为“高度赞扬”。
5. most。 most important意为“ 最为重要 的”。
6. than。前面有more ,故填than 。
7. reasonable。应用形容词修饰名词thing 。
8. possibly。应用副词 修饰谓语 动词destroy 。
9. sweeter。否定词nothing后加比较 级sweeter表达肯定的最高级。
10. better。根据后面的than可知,空格处应填比较级。根据空格前冠词a判断,应填以辅音开头的形容词。根据句子的前后意思及逻辑关系,填good的比较级符合题意。
11. cleaner 。根据后面的比较连词than可知,这里应该用比较级,故填cleaner 。
12.painful 。此处为形容词作表语构成系表结构。
13. brave 。用形容词原形作表语。“ It is + 形容词 +of sb to do sth ”为固定句型。
14. the best。形容词最高级前加the是解题关键。
15. impressive。 impressive是形容词,意为 “印象深刻的”。
(三)短文填空
A
1. a。 a certain表示“某一”,后接可数名词单数。
2. repeatedly。副词repeatedly修饰谓语动词do 。
3. impossible。根据句意可知与difficult并列,只能用impossible。
4. important。作系动词is的表语,应用形容词important。
5. often 。孩子们经常养成坏习惯。
6. as。 as long as意为“同……一样长”。
7. other。有许多在人生早期形成的其他习惯。
8. successful。作名词men的定语,应用形容词successful修饰。
9. habits。形容词certain表示“某些”,其后接复数名词。
10. away。 keep away from意为“摆脱”。
B
1. anxiously 。根据下面 提到的“ Are your dogs missing? ”可知“焦急地”问我。
2. nervousness 。介词with后接名词,故填名词nervousnes s意为“紧张不安”。
3. are staying 。根据语境可知现在正在家里,故用现在进行时。
4. an 。根据句意及old fashioned heart可知填an 。
5. where 。分析句子结构可知,这里是定语从句,且从句中缺少状语,故填where 。
6. right。形容词right“正确的”,作定语,修饰名词thing 。
7. down / along 。 walk down / along the street意为“沿着大街走”。
8. But。根据前后句意可知,前后意思表达相反,应用转折词But 。
9. would 。如果我正在单独的哭泣,我会希望有人停下来,给我擦干眼泪。
[考点说明]形容词主要修饰名词,作定语用,或用于连系动词之后作表语;副词主要修饰行为动词､形容词和过去分词,作状语用｡
[典型考例]
1. She told us a story. Her voice sounded______ .
A. sweetB. smallC. clearlyD. sadly(2006年河北省)
析: sound 为连系动词,后面应接形容词作表语,故首先应排除C､D两项,而选项B与题意不符,故答案为A｡
2. I think Jack does his homework______than his sister.
A. carefulB. more carefully
C. carefullyD. more careful(2006年连云港市)
析:分析句子的结构可知,宾语从句中含一个比较状语从句,空白处应填修饰行为动词does的副词比较级形式,表示“更小心地”意思的副词,故答案为B｡
二､ 考查对形容词和副词等级的使用
[考点说明]比较级用于两者之间的比较,最高级用于三者或三者以上之间的比较｡
[典型考例]
1. Look at that red car! I think it’s______in the world.
A. more beautifulB. so beautiful
C. the most beautiful(2006年长沙市)
析:该题题干的第二句的意思应为“那辆红色小汽车是世界上最漂亮的”, in the world表示比较范围,空白处应填形容词最高级形式,故答案为C｡
2.—Whose picture is better, Jack’s or Tom’s?
—Both of them are good. But I think Jack draws______Tom does.
A. as good asB. as well as
C. better than(2006年常德市)
析:分析语境可知,应答语第二句的意思应为“但我认为杰克比汤姆画得好”,因此空白处应填 better than,故答案为C｡
3. We’ll try our best to do the work with______money and______people.
A. few; littleB. a few; a little
C. less; fewerD. fewer; less(2006年南京市)
析:该题题干的意思应为“我们将努力花较少的钱,用较少的人把工作做好”｡而修饰不可数名词 money 和可数名词复数 people 的形容词均应使用比较级｡因此,空白处应分别填 less 和 fewer,故答案为C｡
4. Of all the ball games, I like baseball______ . It’s really my favorite.
A. wellB. goodC. betterD. best(2006年辽宁省)
析: Of all the ball games暗示该句空白处应填副词well的最高级形式best, 修饰谓语动词like,故答案为D｡
三､ 考查表示比较级程度的修饰语
[考点说明]形容词和副词的比较级可以被表示程度的副词或短语修饰｡这些表示程度的修饰语主要有 even, still, far, much, very much, a lot, a great deal, a bit, a little, rather, any(用于否定句和疑问句中)等｡
[典型考例]
1. This year our school is______than it was last year.
A. much more beautifulB. much beautiful
C. the most beautifulD. beautiful(2006年陕西省)
析:该题题干中的连词 than 暗示空白处应填形容词的比较级 more beautiful, 而形容词的比较级可以用程度副词 much 修饰,故答案为A｡
2. “Please don’t be angry with me, ” said Amy laughingly. This made me even______ .
A. angryB. angrierC. angriest(2006年佛山市)
析:根据题干的逻辑结构和程度副词 even 的使用,空白处应填形容词的比较级形式,故答案为B｡
3. We’re proud of the great changes in Xining. We’re sure it will be even
______ tomorrow.
A goodB. betterC. best(2006年青海省)
析:根据题干的逻辑结构和程度副词even的使用,空白处应填形容词的比较级形式,故答案为B｡
四､ 考查含形容词或副词原级或比较级的常用句式
[考点说明] as... as(否定式为 not as/so... as)表示同级比较,意为“和……一样……”,它可以演变为下列句式:“...as... as + 数词 + 名词(复数)”意为“……达……”; “x times as... as...”意为“……是……x倍……”; “as... as you can/as... as possible”意为“尽可能……”｡含形容词比较级的常用句式有: “the + 比较级, the + 比较级”,意为“越……越……”,前半句表示条件,后半句表示结果｡
[典型考例]
1. Mount Qomolangma, “the roof(屋脊) of the world”, is as______as 8844.43 metres.
A. highB. higherC. highest(2006年哈尔滨市)
析:“...as... as + 数词 + 名词(复数)”句式中间应为形容词原级,故答案为A｡
2. —The classroom is______clean______it was yesterday.
—Sorry. I forgot to clean it.
A. as; asB. so; as
C. not so; asD. more; than(2006年福州市)
析:由題干应答语的意思可以推知题干第一句中的空白处应填表示“……没有……干净”意思的“not so... as”结构,故答案为C｡
3. —Tom is six and he is______his sister Jane. How old is Jane?
—Three.
A. twice as old as
B. two years older than
C. three years younger than
D. as old as(2005年山东省)
析:该题题干显示,汤姆6岁,简3岁,因此空白处应填表示“两倍大”意思的词语 twice as old as,故答案为A｡
4. Write______and try not to make any mistakes.
A. as careful as possibleB. as carefully as you can
C. most carefulD. more careful(2005年河北省)
析:根据题干的逻辑结构,空白处应填表示“尽可能小心地”意思的词语as carefully as you can 或 as carefully as possible,故答案为B｡
5.______exercise you take,______you will feel.
A. Much; healthyB. The more; the healthier
C. More; healthier(2006年佳木斯市)
析:该题题干的意思应为“你从事的锻炼越多,你就感到越健康”,应用 “the + 比较级, the + 比较级”句式,故答案为B｡
五､ 考查修饰复合不定代词时的形容词的位置
[考点说明]修饰something,anything,nothing等复合不定代词的形容词应放在它们的后面｡
[典型考例]
—What are you going to give your mother for her birthday?
—I’m not sure. But I’ll buy her______ .
A. something specialB. anything special
C. special something(2006年哈尔滨市)
析:分析语境可知,空白处应填表示“一些特别的东西”意思的词语,又因形容词修饰复合不定代词时应放在其后,故答案为A｡
六､ 考查形容词比较级与不定冠词的搭配使用
[考点说明]与 than 搭配的形容词比较级前面不可用不定冠词修饰,但不与 than 连用的形容词比较级前面可以用不定冠词修饰,意为“一个更……”｡
[典型考例]
1. —We spent all our money because we stayed at the most expensive hotel in town.
—Why didn’t you stay at______one?
A. a cheapB. a cheaper
C. the cheapD. the cheaper(2005年江西省)
析:分析语境可知,空白处应填 a cheaper,表示“一家更便宜的(旅馆)”的意思,故答案为B｡
2. —Mum, could I have an MP3 like this?
—Certainly, we can buy______one, but as good as this.
A. a cheapB. a cheapest
C. a cheaperD. the cheapest(2005年辽宁省)
析:分析语境可知,空白处应填表示“一只更便宜的(MP3)”意思的词语 a cheaper,故答案为C｡
七､ 考查易混形容词和副词的区别
[考点说明]英语中有一些形容词和副词因拼写相似､意义相近而极易混淆,常见的有: ever(曾经), never(从不); hardly(几乎不), nearly(几乎); much too(太)只能修饰形容词和副词的原级, too much(太多的……)只能修饰不可数名词; many(许多)只能修饰可数名词, much(许多)只能修饰不可数名词; alone(单独的､独自一人)强调客观上独自一人, lonely(孤独的)强调感情上寂寞无聊等｡
[典型考例]
1. Health is very important to us. We should eat more vegetables and fruit instead of______rich food.
A. too muchB. much too
C. very much(2006年北京市)
析:分析题干逻辑结构和语义可知,空白处应填表示“太多的”意思的词语 too much,修饰不可数名词 food,故答案为A｡
2. —Linda, pass my glasses to me, please. I can______read the words in the newspaper.
—With pleasure.
A. hardlyB. nearlyC. clearly(2005年青海省)
析:分析语境可知,空白处应填表示“几乎不”意思的副词 hardly,修饰动词read,故答案为A｡
3. —How was your trip?
—Great. It was the most interesting tour I had______had.
A. neverB. everC. hardlyD. always(2005年山东省)
析:分析语境可知,空白处应填表示“曾经”意思的副词 ever,故答案为B｡
4. —Do you enjoy traveling by air?
—No, it’s______expensive.
A. too muchB. more much
C. muchD. much too(2005年辽宁省)
析:该题题干应答语中的“No”暗示空白处应填表示“太……”意思的词语much too,修饰原級形容词 expensive,故答案为D｡
5. The old woman lives______ , but she never feels______ .
A. lonely, aloneB. alone, lonely
C. lonely, lonely(2005年青海省)
词尾变化规则总表：名复
单三
现
形
过 词尾情况 一 般 s,x,sh,ch
e 单元音+1个辅音 辅+y 名(词)复（数)
+s
+es
+s
ⅹ y—i,+es
名复单三不双写
单三
+s
+es
+s ⅹ y---i,+es
现(分)
+ing
同上
哑e 去 ,+ing 双写词尾+ing ⅹ
现分没有y变i
形(副等级)+er, est see
hard quick cold clever new narrow sour round smart loud mean stupid wild dull quiet black warm sick bright cool near weak bald young straight tall short long calm deep cheap strong high slow dark great blind dumb deaf full poor real few gray polite(少用)often(2)
过(式，分)
+ed
play help open stay fix clean listen finish borrow join return pour perform rain work check wait pick laugh mix end fear call happen fail fold answer return look talk plant annoy knock review hang(绞死)
形(副等级)+er, est
同上
+r, st
双写词尾+er, est y---i,+er(est)more, most +…..形过变化样样有
过(式，分)
+ed
同上
+d 双写词尾+ed y---i,+ed
词尾变化规则总表：名复
单三
现
形
过 词尾情况
1、一 般 名(词)复（数)
+s cat month ticket Korean American Australian Indian Russian Canadian Italian German Jew European human boy monkey day way key photo piano radio zoo kilo mango(少用)
2、e
e +s
e +s hope come
哑e 去 ,+ing live come write take have
单三
现(分)
+s open listen clean play stay say
+ing go
study
open fix open listen
clean
sneeze(打喷嚏)see
e +r, st
fine free close nice able white blonde sore true large safe handsome lame true sure cute(2种)
e +d
skate love like dance change practice close die live receive retire advice argue hate smile exchange smoke agree lie(说谎)sneeze打喷嚏
3、单元音+ 1个辅音 名 复
单 三
不 双 写 双写词尾+ing sit begin shop run forget plan hit put set clap star主演 hiccup打嗝
双写词尾+er, est
red big hot thin fat sad slim flat mad
双写词尾+ed
stop plan fit drop shop chat（聊天）trip（绊倒）kid（欺骗）star 主演hiccup打嗝
4、辅+y, y—i y—i,+es y---i,+e现分没有y变i y---i,+er(est)
easy happy healthy early busy ugly curly funny scary pretty angry cloudy sunny rainy windy lovely friendly unfriendly unhappy unlucky furry tiny guilty greedy heavy moody lively thirsty lazy hungry sorry empty crazy silly pushy lucky shy(2种)
y---i,+ed
study cry marry carry worry city factory country baby s family library dictionary
carry study
5、s,x,sh,ch,o
+es
+es
glass box watch dish catch wish bus negro hero
watch potato fix
brush go do tomato mango
五种词尾变化
名词变复数不规则变化 f,fe---v+es thief—thieves（小偷）self—selves（自己）leaf—leaves(叶子)life---lives（命）half---halves；（一半）wife---wives（妻子）shelf—shelves（架）knife---knives（刀）
wolf—wolves（狼）roof—roofs（屋顶）chef—chefs(厨师)scarf—scarfs,scarves(围巾)词形不变 变成e 只有复数 形复实单 形单实复 特殊变化
合成 名 词 只变一词 两词都变 Chinese Japanese sheep deer Swiss 中日羊鹿瑞士人
man---men Englishman---Englishmen Frenchman---Frenchmen foot---feet tooth---teeth clothes pants trousers shorts scissors(剪刀)compasses(圆规)glasses(眼镜)news maths politics physics cattle people police 谓语用复数 child---children mouse--mice boy student---boy students night school---night schools pencil sharpener--sharpeners woman doctor---women doctors man singer---men singers 动词的现在分词形式不规则变化 词尾情况 ie 规则 ie----y,+ing
例词 die tie lie 形容词、副词的比较级、最高级形式不规则变化 不
规
则
变
化 原级 good/well bad/ill many/much little far 多数 多音节词 more,most +原级 useful famous quickly beautiful creative serious outgoing amazing awful exciting excited interested famous intelligent expensive inexpensive tired honest wonderful interesting fantastic sadly beautifully delicious slowly open difficult carefully beautifully deeply careless active athletic original foolish wrong right casual casually nervous unusual usual modest natural pleased realistic popular loving inexpensive comfortable convenient crowded truly exhausted embarrassed convincing careless careful carefully enormous completely particularly quickly quietly aggressive specifically disappointed disgusted successful suitable educational gradually unpleasant pleasant polite(2种)common(2种)
比较级 better worse more less farther further late later latter old older elder
最高级 best worst most least farthest furthest latest last oldest eldest
词义
距离 程度 时间 顺序 年龄关系 兄弟姐妹关系
五种词尾变化
五种词尾变化
GO FOR IT
PT PP
meaning 让 允许 阅读 放 置 花费 打 砍 切 割 伤害 弄伤 撒 抛 投 root form let read put cost hit cut hurt cast pt let read put cost hit cut hurt cast shut set spread overcast broadcast forecast burst caught taught thought bought sought fought brought swept wept kept slept dreamt learnt burnt built
bent spent sent paid said stood understood misunderstood sold gave forgave told dealt
pp let read put cost hit cut hurt cast shut set spread overcast broadcast forecast burst caught taught thought bought sought fought brought swept wept kept slept dreamt learnt burnt built bent spent sent paid said stood understood misunderstood sold given forgiven told dealt
meaning 喂 遇见 感觉 嗅，发出 拼写 损坏，宠坏
root form feed meet feel smell spell spoil
pt fed met felt smelt spelt spoilt found held heard had lost left made shot shone sat babysat spat won bled fled rebuilt overslept dug lied laid lay beat wove rose arose drove took mistook shook blew grew knew drew threw flew showed saw
pp fed met felt smelt spelt spoilt found held heard had lost left made shot shone sat babysat spat won bled fled rebuilt overslept dug lied laid lain beaten woven risen arisen driven taken mistaken shaken blown grown known drawn thrown flown shown seen
发现，找到
find 举着，握着 听见 有，吃 丢失，失去 离开，留下 制造，使得 射击 射伤 照耀 发光 坐 临时照顾 吐，吐唾液 打赢，获胜 出血 逃跑 改建 睡过头 挖 撒谎 放置 下蛋
躺 敲打，振翅 编织 上升，升起 发生，呈现 驱使 驱赶 拿走，带走 误认为 摇动 挥动 刮风，吹 生长，种植 知道，了解 画，拖，拉 投掷 抛 飞行 展示 看见，看望
hold hear have/has lose leave make shoot shine sit babysit spit win bleed flee rebuild oversleep dig lie lay lie beat weave rise arise drive take mistake shake blow grow know draw throw fly show see 关闭
shut 沉入 安置 传播 展开 使阴暗 广播 预测 爆炸 捕捉 赶上
教书 教学 想 认为 买
搜寻 追求 打架 打仗 带来 扫 哭泣 流泪 保持
睡觉 梦到，做梦 学习，学会 燃烧 建 设 弯曲,弯腰
花费,度过 发送,派遣 付钱
说 站立
明 白 误 解
卖 给 原谅 告诉 处置，对付
set spread overcast broadcast forecast burst catch teach think buy seek fight bring sweep weep keep sleep dream learn burn build bend spend send pay say stand understand misunderstand sell give forgive tell deal
五种词尾变化
意味着 粘 坚持
说 讲话 醒 唤醒 选择 结冰，冰冻 偷 撕开 撕破 穿着 带着 骑 写 禁止 躲藏 咬，叮 来 成为 击败 跑 游泳 唱歌 下沉 响铃 喝酒 饲养 领导
喂 临时照顾
mean stick speak wake awake choose freeze steal tear wear ride write forbid hide bite come become overcome run swim sing sink ring drink keep lead feed babysit meant stuck spoke woke awoke chose froze stole tore wore rode wrote forbade hid bit came became overcame ran swam sang sank rang drank kept led fed babysat
meant stuck spoken woken awoken chosen frozen stolen torn worn ridden written forbidden hidden bitten come become overcome run swum sung sunk rung drunk kept led fed babysat
是 落下 降落 吃 喝 打破，折断 开始 做 走，去 悬挂 绞死 蜿蜒，曲折 点燃，照亮
能，能够
不得不 必要(实)必要(情)敢
(实)敢
(情)能，可能 可能，可以 必须，一定 应该，理应 即将，将会 即将，将会 过去常常 展示 拼写
be fall eat break begin do go hang hang wind light light be able to have to need need dare dare can may must ought to shall will---------show spell
was/were fell ate broke began did went hung hanged wound lighted lit was able to were able to had to needed----------dared-----------could might must-----------should would used showed spelt
been fallen eaten broken begun done gone hung hanged wound lighted lit been able to had to needed-----------dared---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------shown spelt 5
五种词尾变化
7下不规则动词的过去式 汉语 1 A-A 必 让 放 读 花 打 砍 伤 2 –ew 画 长 知 扔 示 飞 3-ought 想 来 买 4-aught 教 抓 5 –o-断 忘 说 动词原形 1 A--A must let put read cost hit cut hurt 2 –ew draw grow know throw show fly 3 –ought think bring buy 4 –-aught teach catch 5-o--break forget speak 过去式 1 A—A must let put read[] cost hit cut hurt 2 –ew[:] drew grew knew threw showed flew 3 –ought[:] thought brought bought 4-aught[[:] taught caught 5 –o—[] broke forgot spoke
写 拿 卖 诉 弄 骑 开 站 懂 6 –e— 留 见 意 睡 离 握 扫 感 落
喂 7 –-a--始 喝 跑 唱 游 给 坐
write take sell tell get ride drive stand understand 6–e— keep meet mean sleep leave hold sweep feel fall feed 7 –-a--begin drink run sing swim give sit
wrote took sold told got rode drove stood understood 6 –e—[] kept met meant slept left held swept felt fell fed 7 –-a--[] began drank ran sang swam gave[] sat be动词是 是 是 9 助动词 可 能 将 将 做 做 10----t 花 建 丢 11其他 来 去 生 有 有 看 听 说 吃 找 花 躺 be动词am is are 9 助动词 may can will shall do does 10----t spend build lose 11其他 come go bear have has see hear say eat find pay lie be动词was was were 9 助动词 might could would should did did 10----t spent built lost[] 11其他 came went bore [:] had had saw heard said ate found[] paid lay GO FOR IT
PT PP（八下常用）
meaning 让 允许 阅读 放 置 花费 打 砍 切 割 伤害 弄伤 沉入 安置 root form let read put cost hit cut hurt set pt let read put cost hit cut hurt set shut caught taught thought bought fought
pp let read put cost hit cut hurt set shut caught taught thought bought fought
meaning 到达 绞死 悬挂 照亮 撒谎 躺 下蛋
敲打 来 成为 跑 给 驾驶
拿走
root form get hang hang light lie lie lay beat come become run give drive take
pt got hanged hung lit lied lay laid beat came became ran gave drove took
pp got hanged hung lit lied lain laid beaten come become run given driven taken 关闭
shut 抓 教 认为 买
打架 catch teach think buy fight 6
五种词尾变化
带来 扫 保持
睡觉 梦 学会 燃烧 建 设 度过 发送,派遣 付钱
说 站立
明 白 卖 告诉 意味着 遇见 喂 感觉 闻 拼写 发现
握着 听见 有 丢失 离开 制造 坐 临时照顾 获胜 bring sweep keep sleep dream learn burn build spend send pay say stand understand sell tell mean meet feed feel smell spell find hold hear have/has lose leave make sit babysit win brought swept kept slept dreamt learnt burnt built
spent sent paid said stood understood sold told meant met fed felt smelt spelt found held heard had lost left made sat babysat won
brought swept kept slept dreamt learnt burnt built spent sent paid said stood understood sold told meant met fed felt smelt spelt found held heard had lost left made sat babysat won
误认为 摇动
吹 生长 知道 画 投，抛 展示 飞 看见 是 落下 吃
打破 讲话 醒 选择 偷 穿着 生 骑 写 禁止 躲藏 游泳 唱歌 响铃 喝 开始 做 去 结冰
mistake shake blow grow know draw throw show fly see be fall eat break speak wake choose steal wear bear ride write forbid hide swim sing ring drink begin do go freeze
mistook shook blew grew knew drew threw showed flew saw was/were fell ate broke spoke woke chose stole wore bore rode wrote forbade hid swam sang rang drank began did went froze
mistaken shaken blown grown known drawn thrown shown flown seen been fallen eaten broken spoken woken chosen stolen worn born ridden written forbidden hidden swum sung rung drunk begun done gone frozen 规则与不规则的动词过去式、过去分词（八下常用）leave make sit become run give hurt set shut grow know think buy
lie(说谎)lie lay beat come swim put blow drive take catch teach die
like mistake shake be let read love cost hit cut fall eat get
五种词尾变化
fight bring sweep keep mean meet feel send pay say stand understand sell plan shop break tell hang forbid hide listen clean fix change worry hear join look feed show freeze babysit perform rain call end pick annoy knock
stay marry draw throw fly see stop have/has light win speak wake choose steal wear bear ride write burn build spend sing ring drink begin live return answer retire check pour spell fold happen fear work wait collect
beautiful普通用词，含义广泛，语气最强，指优美和谐，是一种几乎接近完美的美。指人时通常形容女人或小孩，很少用于描写男子。
fair正式用词，多用于文学中，形容女子和儿童，侧重外表的美。
handsome多用于描写男性的英俊潇洒。有时也形容女人，指其五官端正，体态秀丽。
lovely普通用词，描写人时，主要指女人和小孩的相貌，语气不如beautiful强。
pretty普通用词，语气比beautiful弱，多用于描写妇女、儿童以及小巧玲珑，精美可爱之物。
1、We are the inheritors of a great cultural tradition.
我们是一个伟大文化传统的继承者。
2、This region is steeped in tradition.
这个地区有着深厚的.传统。
3、Tradition dictates that girls should be married off early.
传统习俗要求女孩子必须尽早结婚。
4、It indicates the antiquity of the tradition.
这表明该传统源远流长。
5、His music is an integration of tradition and new technology.
他的音乐结合了传统和新技术。
6、This tradition has no parallel in our culture.
无论是汉语还是日语, 程度副词作为副词中的一大类, 在两国语法体系中所占的地位, 所发挥的作用都是不可忽视的。因此笔者一直把关于程度副词的中日对比研究作为自己的一个课题在不懈努力着。07年发表的《日汉语“程度副词+名词”结构的对比研究》 (收录于《语言学研究与应用》2007年2月) 一文主要研究了在程度副词修饰名词这一特殊语法现象中两国语言存在的异同点。而修饰形容词这一语法功能, 在日汉语中都是程度副词的主要功能之一。本文旨在分析出日汉语程度副词在修饰形容词时的异同点, 以期对日语程度副词的学习和教学有所助益。
2. 程度副词修饰形容词
为使读者一目了然, 下列例句及译文中出现的程度副词用“__”标注, 形容词用“”标注。日语例句多引用自静山社1999年出版的松冈佑子所译的日文版《ハリー·ポッターと賢者の石》 (《哈利·波特与魔法石》) , 中文例句多引用自人民文学出版社于2000年出版的由苏农翻译的中文版《哈利·波特与魔法石》, 另有部分例句出自北京日研中心2003年研发的CD-ROM版日中对译语料库。先看日语程度副词在修饰形容词时的具体情况。
2.1 日语
(1) 髪もひげもあまりに長いので、ベルトに挟み込んでいる。
对应译文:银发和银须长到都能够塞到腰带里了。
(《ハリー·ポッターと賢者の石》p16)
(2) とてもきれいな時計だ。
对应译文:那只表样子很好看。
(《ハリー·ポッターと賢者の石》p23)
(3) ここがあの子にとって一番いいのじゃ。
对应译文:这对他是最合适的地方了。
(《ハリー·ポッターと賢者の石》p23)
(4) 大丈夫、少し頭が痛いだけだと僕は答えた。
对应译文:我答说不要紧, 只是有点头痛。
(《ノルウエイの森》日中对译语料库)
从以上例句我们可以看出, 日语的形容词 (日语中形容词有两类:形容词和形容动词, 本篇论文中所指形容词为这两类的统称) 在受程度副词修饰的时候, 结构一般为“程度副词+形容词”。比如前三个例句的程度副词“あまりに”“とても”“一番”分别在形容词“長い”“きれい”“いい”前直接对其程度进行限定。但有时也有像例 (4) 那样程度副词“少し”不直接位于单个形容词“痛い”前, 而是位于形容词句“頭が痛い”前的情况。这种情况下的程度副词不仅是对单个形容词的程度进行限定, 还对形容词所修饰的这个句子的程度进行限定。
2.2 汉语及与日语的对比分析
(5) 不, 他太愚蠢了。
对应译文:まさか、自分がはなんて愚かなんだ。
(《哈利·波特与魔法石》P3)
(6) 德思礼太太这一天过得很好, 一切正常。
对应译文:奥さんは、すばらしくまともな一日を過ごしていた。
(《哈利·波特与魔法石》p3)
(7) ……那个男的显得比他年龄还大, ……
对应译文:あいつなんか自分より年をとっているのに、……
(《哈利·波特与魔法石》p2)
(8) 此时听得妈妈和姑妈又这么说, 就更加烦闷。
对应译文:いままた母と叔母からこんな風にいわれて、ますますたまらなくなった。
(《霜叶红于二月花》日中对译语料库)
以上四个例句充分说明了汉语的程度副词在修饰形容词时同样是“程度副词+形容词”的结构。程度副词“太、很、还、更加”都位于形容词“愚蠢、好、大、烦闷”前对它们的程度进行修饰。在这一点上, 可以说两国语言是相同的。但是, 仍然有不同的地方存在。那就是汉语的例句 (8) 还可以有下面这种表述方式:
(8) ’就更加的烦闷。
(8) ’和 (8) 在意思上没有什么变化, 唯一区别就是在程度副词“更加”与形容词“烦闷”间加入了“的”。可是, 并不是所有的程度副词在修饰限定形容词时都可以在中间加上“的”。比如例句 (5) (6) (7) 就不可以。因为出现在这三个例句当中的都是单音节的程度副词。在汉语当中, 单音节的程度副词在修饰形容词时结构非常紧凑, 不允许再在其间加上“的”这个助词。
那么, 日语的情况又会是如何呢?反观日语的程度副词, 不论其音节是长是短, 与形容词的结合都非常紧密, 从没在其间插入大体相当于汉语的“的”的“の”的用法。例句 (1) 的“あまりに”与“長い”也好, 例句 (3) 的“一番”与“いい”也好, 都不能在其中间插入“の”。从这一点看, 可以说日语“程度副词+形容词”这一结构的紧密性要比汉语强。
另外, 如果把以上八个例句的原文和译文进行比较, 我们也可以发现一个值得注目的现象。当日语原文中有程度副词出现时, 对应的汉语译文也基本上使用了相应的程度副词。我们看例句 (1) — (4) , 除了例 (1) 之外, 对应的汉语译文中都出现了程度副词。而事实上, 例句 (1) 也可以译成诸如“因为银发和银须太长, 都塞到了腰带里了”这样的句子, 或许是译者出于文学效果的考虑译成了原句。但反观在汉语例句中出现程度副词的情况下, 对应的日语译文却不一定使用了程度副词。就如例句 (5) — (8) , 后面所举的对应日语译文全部都没有使用程度副词。
这个现象到底是偶然还是必然呢?带着疑问, 笔者对分别出现在日语版和汉语版《哈利·波特与魔法石》中的程度副词进行了对比, 由此发现了另一个重要的现象。之前在阅读这两个版本的时候就感觉汉语版本中的程度副词要多得多, 对具体的数字进行统计之后发现结果也确实如此。当然, 其中修饰形容词的程度副词占大多数。将两个版本的小说中修饰形容词的程度副词进行统计后结果如下表所示:
注:备考栏中为修饰单音节形容词的程度副词的词数。
与汉语版中程度副词出现的次数多达571次相比, 日语版中只有239次, 与汉语版的差距高达332, 还不到其一半。
那么, 在其它小说的日汉语不同版本里, 关于程度副词修饰形容词是否也是同样的现象呢?笔者以日中对译语料库中的日语原版小说《挪威的森林》及其汉语译本、汉语原版小说《霜叶红于二月花》及其日语译本为对象进行了调查, 其结果为:日语原版小说《挪威的森林》中, 修饰形容词的程度副词为426个, 而汉语译本中则更多, 达到833个, 差为407个;汉语原版小说《霜叶红于二月花》中, 与形容词搭配使用的程度副词个数为372, 日语译本中要少182个, 差为190个。那么, 是什么原因导致出现这么大的差距呢?
对以上所列的几本小说的汉语版本中程度副词修饰形容词的语例进行进一步考察后发现, 在受程度副词修饰的形容词当中, 单音节的形容词非常多。《哈利·波特与魔法石》中有294例, 《挪威的森林》中有398例, 《霜叶红于二月花》中有198例。日本明治书院出版的《副用語の研究》一书中收录了玉村文郎的《外国語の副詞と日本語の副詞》一文, 这篇论文指出汉语是一种单音节词语。所以, 汉语中单音节的形容词多也是理所当然的。而因为在使用单音节的词语时, 其音节少而短, 容易使句子失去“平衡”, 所以经常会用其它词语或者词组进行修饰后再进行使用。比如说, 像单音节的形容词就经常和程度副词或者表示程度的词组一起使用。而且, 如果我们再仔细看看这些统计得出的数字后不难发现这样一个情况:三本小说的汉语版本中受程度副词修饰的单音节形容词的语例分别为294例、398例、198例, 与这三本小说的日汉语版本中出现的修饰形容词的程度副词的总数差332、407、182非常接近。可以说, 这个调查反映出汉语单音节词语 (单音节形容词) 多这一特征正是引起两种语言的版本中出现的程度副词有如此大的差距的主要原因。也正是这个原因, 使得汉语版本中的与形容词一起使用的程度副词的出现频率比日语的高得多。
3. 结论
通过以上考察可以总结出以下两点:
(1) 日语中“程度副词+形容词”结构的紧密性比汉语强。
(2) 因为汉语中单音节词语 (单音节形容词) 多的缘故, 程度副词出现的频率比日语的高。
摘要：无论是日语还是汉语, 程度副词修饰形容词都是其主要功能之一。但是, 关于这个功能, 两国语言中仍然存在着差异。本文旨在通过中日对比分析出两国程度副词在这一主要功能上存在的异同点, 使日语学习者和教学者能更好地把握程度副词。
关键词：程度副词,形容词,中日对比
参考文献
[1]周小兵.论现代汉语的程度副词[J].中国语文, 1995, (2) :100.
[2]张谊生.现代汉语副词研究[M].中国:学林出版社, 2001.
[3]山田孝雄.日本文法学概論[M].日本:宝文館, 1936.
[4]工藤浩.程度副詞をめぐって.副用語の研究, 1983.東京:明治書院：176-197.
考点说明：形容词主要修饰连系动词、名词；副词主要修饰行为动词、形容词、过去分词。
典型考例：
1. She told us a story. Her voice sounded ____. (06河北)
A. sweetB. smallC. clearlyD. sadly
析：A sound为连系动词，后面应接形容词作表语。
2. I think Jack does his homework ____ than his sister. (06连云港)
A. carefulB. more carefully
C. carefullyD. more careful
析：B than和语境逻辑暗示该空表示“更小心”，且修饰行为动词does，因此应填副词比较级more carefully。
二、考查对形容词、副词级的判别
考点说明：比较级用于两者之间进行比较，最高级用于三者或三者以上之间进行比较。
典型考例：
1. Look at that red car! I think it’s ____ in the world. (06长沙)
A. more beautifulB. so beautiful C. the most beautiful
析：C 世界上的红色小汽车很多，那辆红色小汽车是世界上最漂亮的，因此该空应填the most beautiful。
2. ——Whose picture is better, Jack’s or Tom’s?
——Both of them are good. But I think Jack draws ____ Tom does. (06常德)
A. as good as B. as well asC. better than
析：C由语境逻辑可知，该空表示“比……更好”，因此应填better than。
3. We’ll try our best to do the work with ____ money and ____ people. (06 南京)
A. few; littleB. a few; a little
C. less; fewerD. fewer; less
析：C 该空把经过努力后的工作效率与现在的工作效率作比较，因此应使用比较级。进一步分析可知，第一空表示“较少的”，修饰不可数名词money，应填less；第二空表示“较少的”，修饰可数名词people，应填fewer。
4. Of all the ball games, I like baseball ____. It’s really my favorite. (06辽宁)
A. wellB. goodC. betterD. best
析：D Of all the ball games暗示该空应为最高级，因此应填best。
三、考查比较级的程度修饰语
考点说明：比较级的程度修饰语主要有even, still, far, much, very much, a lot, a great deal, a bit, a little, rather, any（用于否定句和疑问句），这些词后面也必须接形容词、副词的比较级。
典型考例：
1. This year our school is ____ than it was last year. (06陕西)
A. much more beautifulB. much beautiful
C. the most beautifulD. beautiful
析：A than暗示该空应填形容词比较级more beautiful，并可用程度副词much修饰。
2.“Please don’t be angry with me,” said Amy laughingly. This made me even ____. (06佛山)
A. angryB. angrierC. angriest
析：B even应修饰比较级，因此该空应填angrier。
3. We’re proud of the great changes in Xining; we’re sure it will be even ____ tomorrow. (06青海)
A. goodB. betterC. best
析：Beven后面应填形容词比较级，因此该空应填better。
四、考查含比较级的重要句型
考点说明：含比较级的重要句型有：the+比较级, the+比较级，意为：越……越……，前半句表示条件，后半句表示结果。more and more，越来越多的，修饰可数名词或不可数名词；越来越……，修饰多音节或部分双音节原级形容词、副词。what’s more，更重要的是。what’s worse/worse than all/worse than ever/to make the matter worse，更糟糕的是。
典型考例：
1. ____ exercise you take, ____ you will feel. (06佳木斯)
A. Much, healthy
B. The more, the healthier
C. More, healthier
析：B 该句表示“你从事的锻炼越多，你就感到越健康”，应用“the+比较级，the+比较级”句型。
2. ——How do you like our city?
——I think it’s becoming ____. (05山西)
A. more beautiful and more beautiful
B. more and more cleaner
C. more and more beautiful
D. clean and clean
析：C 分析语境逻辑可知，该空表示“越来越漂亮”，因此应填more and more beautiful。
五、考查同级比较的重要句型
考点说明：as…as（否定式为not as/so…as）为同级比较句型,表示“和……一样……”，as…as中间应为原级形容词、副词，它可以演变为下列句型：as…as+数词+名词（复数），……达……；X times as…as…，……是……X倍……；as…as you can, as…as possible,尽可能……。
典型考例：
1. Mount Qomolangma, “the roof (屋脊) of the world”, is as ____ as 8844.43 metres. (06哈尔滨)
A. highB. higherC. highest
析：A as…as+数词+名词（复数）句型中间应为原级形容词，因此该空应填high。
2. ——The classroom is ____ clean ____ it was yesterday.
——Sorry. I forgot to clean it. (06福州)
A. as; asB. so; asC. not so; asD. more; than
析：C 由Sorry. I forgot to clean it.可以推出空档表示“……没有……干净”，因此应使用not so…as句型。
3. ——Tom is six and he is ____ his sister Jane. How old is Jane?
——Three. (05山东)
A. twice as old asB. two years older than
C. three years younger thanD. as old as
析：A six和three之间的语境逻辑暗示该空表示“两倍大”，因此应填twice as old as。
4. Write ____ and try not to make any mistakes. (05河北)
A. as careful as possibleB. as carefully as you can
C. most carefulD. more careful
析：B 分析语境逻辑不难发现，该空表示“尽可能小心地”，可使用as carefully as you can或as carefully as possible句型。
六、考查形容词修饰不定代词时的位置
考点说明：形容词修饰不定代词应放在其后。
典型考例：
——What are you going to give your mother for her birthday?
——I’m not sure. But I’ll buy her ____. (06哈尔滨)
A. something specialB. anything special C. special something
析：A 该空表示“一些特别的东西”，应填something special。形容词修饰不定代词应放在其后，因此C项错误。
七、考查比较级与冠词的搭配关系
考点说明：与than搭配的比较级形容词前不可加冠词修饰，但不与than连用的比较级形容词前面可加不定冠词修饰，表示“一个更……”。
典型考例：
1. ——We spent all our money because we stayed at the most
expensive hotel in town.
——Why didn’t you stay at ____ one? (05江西)
A. a cheapB. a cheaperC. the cheapD. the cheaper
析：B 分析语境逻辑可知，该空表示“一家更便宜的旅馆”，因此应填a cheaper。
2. ——Mum, could I have an MP3 like this?(05辽宁)
——Certainly, we can buy ____ one, but as good as this.
A. a cheapB. a cheapestC. a cheaperD. the cheapest
析：C 由语境逻辑可知，该空表示“一只更便宜的MP3”，因此应填a cheaper。
八、考查易混形容词、副词区别
考点说明：因为拼写相似、结构相近、意义相连，不少形容词、副词十分容易混淆，常见的有：ever(曾经)，never(从不)；hardly(几乎不)，nearly(几乎)； much too(太)，只能修饰原级形容词、副词，too much(太多的……)，只能修饰不可数名词；many(许多)，只能修饰可数名词，much(许多)，只能修饰不可数名词；alone(单独的)，强调客观上独自一人，lonely(孤独的)，强调感情上寂寞无聊。
典型考例：
1. Health is very important to us. We should eat more vegetables and fruit instead of ____ rich food.
A. too muchB. much tooC. very much
析：A 由语境逻辑可知，该空表示“太多的”，且修饰不可数名词rich food，因此应填too much。
2. ——Linda, pass my glasses to me, please. I can ____ read the words in the newspaper.(05青海)
——With pleasure.
A. hardlyB. nearlyC. clearly
析：A 分析语境含义可知，该空表示“几乎不”，应填hardly。
3. ——How was your trip?(05山东)
——Great. It was the most interesting tour I had ____ had.
A. neverB. everC. hardlyD. always
析：B 由语境逻辑可知，该空表示“曾经”，应填ever。
4. ——Do you enjoy travelling by air?(05辽宁)
——No, it’s ____ expensive.
A. too muchB. more muchC. muchD. much too
析：D No暗示该空表示“太……”，且修饰原级形容词expensive，因此应填much too。
5. The old woman lives ____, but she never feels ____.(05青海)
A. lonely, aloneB. alone, lonelyC. lonely, lonely
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