中学英语语法虚拟语气

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中学英语语法虚拟语气(精选7篇)

中学英语语法虚拟语气 篇1

教学背景分析

教学内容分析:本语法项目出现在外研版选修六第六模块《War and Peace》,课文《D-Day Landing》中运用了一些IF引导的虚拟语气条件句,用来表述作者对当时情形的非真实的假设。借助于此语篇进行虚拟语气的教学,生动形象, 便于理解。

教学目标

知识与技能目标:学生能够识别出IF引导的虚拟语气条件句;学生能够用虚拟语气表述自己的观点。

情感态度价值观:通过学习本模块的“战争与和平”这一话题内容,学生学会生活中用和平友好的方式解决问题。 通过精心设计的课堂活动,培养学生自主学习能力、合作学习意识。

教学过程设计

Pre-task Lead-in任务前导入5分钟

教师问学生“if you were fives years younger now,what would you do?”,学生感到有趣,众说纷纭,各抒己见。用到的句式都是“if I were…I would…”,通过这一话题,让学生初步体会虚拟语气的使用情景—即用在与事实相反的假设中。

While-task任务中27分钟

1首先处理表述过去、现在和将来的If虚拟语气条件句, 分三个环节:语法呈现、观察总结、练习巩固。

Presentation语法呈现(1分钟)

学生阅读屏幕上的文章,划出含有虚拟语气的句子。句子如下:

If we had reached the beach,we would have been killed.

If we had the chance now,we wouldn't choose war.

If I should be the secretary of the U.N.,I would never allow the war to break out.

Observation and conclusion观察总结 (3分钟)

学生观察这些句子,互相讨论,总结出IF引导的虚拟语气条件句三种情况的结构。

Practice练习巩固(11分钟)

通过改写句子、游戏句子接龙和话题讨论这三种方式, 对IF引导的虚拟语气条件句的三种情况进行巩固和使用。活动如下:

Task 1 Rewrite the sentences,using the subjunctive mood. 此活动练习与过去相反的假设。

We didn’t have enough peacekeepers.We didn't stop the war.

We didn't talk in a peaceful way.We quarreled with each other.

Task 2 Play a game.此活动练习与现在相反的假设。例子如下:

S1: If I were you,

I would follow his advice.

S2:...followed his advice,

...would solve the problem quickly.

S3:...solved the problem quickly...

Task 3 Talk about the topics此活动练习与将来相反的假设。

What would you do if you…

live in the year 2112… board the Shenzhou 10 …

have 1 billion dollars… be president of…

2 . 处理I F条件句的混合虚拟语气。三个环节:语法呈现、观察总结、练习巩固。(12分钟)

Presentation observation and conclusion呈现、观察、总结 (3分钟)

学生观察黑板上教师即兴写下的句子If I were you, I wouldn’t have done so well及句子You didn't let me drive yesterday.If we had driven in turn,you wouldn't be so tired now。 If you had told me the news yesterday,I would get there tomorrow.

学生互相讨论,总结混合虚拟语气的句式结构。学生体会出可以根据不同的情景,随意搭配使用。

Practice通过练习,巩固混合虚拟语气结构 (9分钟)

Task 4 Match the sentences句子匹配。

1.If I got everything ready today,

2.If I were the leader,

3.If I had seen the film before,

4.If we hadn’t sacrificed so many lives,

(a)we wouldn’t have our freedom today.

(b)I would have fun tomorrow.

(c)I wouldn’t have started the war.

(d)I would describe the terrible scene to you

Task 5 Fill in the blanks,using the correct form of words用动词的适当形式填空,综合全面的考察学生对虚拟语气的掌握情况,要恰当的使用虚拟语气。

教学反思

中学英语语法虚拟语气 篇2

在这一环节中,教师首先呈现一些虚拟语气的例句,其中包括学生在以前的学习中涉及到的It is time that sb. did sth. 和should + v. 的例子,以及其他大量关于虚拟语气的例句,最好是与学生的学习生活联系密切的例子,让学生读这些句子,同时理解什么是虚拟语气,以及在什么情况下该使用虚拟语气。通过这些例句,加之教师的引导,学生们很容易理解虚拟语气就是“所说的话不是事实或不可能发生,只是一种愿望、假设和对未发生事情的建议”。

在学生理解了虚拟语气的概念后,教师就要提醒学生,如果想要表达一种不能实现的愿望假设,或要建议他人时,就可以使用虚拟语气。然后让学生自己做一些这样的句子。大多数学生都可以做出建议某人做某事或should + v. 的句子,但关于虚拟语气其他语法,学生在时态上就会出现混淆。那么教师就引导学生知道虚拟语气的使用最主要的就是掌握不同情况下的时态。这时学生带着关于时态的疑问,师生进入下一环节的教与学。

二、 教师引导学生进行观察—分析—讨论,并对虚拟语气的用法做精炼的概括和总结

Step 1 教师呈现最简单的It is very time that sb. did sth.的句式,由于学生对于It is time for sb. to do sth. 的句式非常熟悉,所以It is time that sb. did sth. 也无需多讲,只要学生注意到that从句中谓语动词用过去式就行了。

Step 2 给出大量should + v. 的例子,让学生去观察统计表示同一意义的单词各有几个,学生在教师的引导下不难总结出“一坚持,二命令,三建议,四要求”的规律,接下来教师再给出这些词的相关名词后接名词性从句的例子。学生通过观察就会明白这些动词以及相关名词后的名词性从句中都要用should + v.。

Step 3 教师呈现if条件句的例子,让学生分别从现在、过去和将来三个时间观察分析这些例句中主从句的时态。

Step 4 教师呈现含有wish, would rather, if only, as if/though, even if/though的例句,要求学生还是按照现在、过去和将来三个时间观察分析这些例句中的时态,学生不难发现,含有这些词的虚拟语气中,在同一时间段谓语动词的形式是基本相同的。唯独wish表将来时情态动词不用should, 而would rather无论过去还是将来,谓语动词都用过去式。这么总结之后,学生只要记住一条规律,其他的词就都会用了。

Step 5 再次让学生观察在Step 3中所填表格中的主句谓语动词,学生会发现,虚拟语气中的主句谓语实际上只有两种形式,即表现在和将来的should/would/could/might + v. 和表过去的should/would/could/might + have done. 那么教师就给学生补充,当句子中出现otherwise, but for, without和or时,同学们只需观察句子中的时间状语,如果是过去,谓语则用should/would/could/might + have done, 否则统统用should/would/could/might + v. 这样,在虚拟语气中,学生们觉得最难的一点,很顺利地就记住了。

虚拟语气的考查不外乎以上五步所总结的五点,但是这种引导和概括却要求教师自身对于这一部分的内容熟练掌握,深入分析,整合分类,概括总结。然后按照由简到难、从已知到未知的程序来引导。学生们在教师的引导下,从同类的例句中总结出虚拟语气中谓语动词使用的规律,学生们通过自己观察和相互讨论所总结的规律也会记得很牢固。

学生们学习的程度是有差异的,所以在以上总结的环节之后教师一定要给予学生10分钟左右的时间,一方面让学习好的学生整理笔记,在课堂上巩固消化,另一方面,让有疑问有困难的学生有一个向老师和同学提问来消除困惑的机会。以确保更多的同学能够更好地理解和掌握这一重要的语法项目,学会虚拟语气的使用。

三、 教师设置有梯度的练习,使学生对虚拟语气这一部分内容能巩固、应用,最终达到提高英语知识综合应用能力的目标

新课标提倡的认知—观察分析—总结规律—练习提升的语法学习过程的最后一个环节,就是实战演练了。我通常采取的是三步练习法:

Practice 1 填空或选择题

这类练习的设置着力考查虚拟语气中谓语动词的使用,以及使用这样的谓语动词的条件,这类简单的类似于套公式的练习就是要使学生熟练掌握上述所总结的规律,为接下来的应用练习做好铺垫。

Practice 2 汉译英单句翻译

这类练习就有了一定的难度,属于简单的应用能力的培养了。学生通过分析所给汉语,找出该使用哪一类虚拟语气,句子的谓语动词该用什么形式,然后写出结构正确的虚拟语气的句子。

Practice 3 短文写作

中学英语语法虚拟语气 篇3

if he had received six more votes, he would be our chairman now.

if we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.

有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示, 而是通过一个介词短语来表示.

without music, the world would be a dull place.

we could have done better under more favorable conditions.

that would have been considered miraculous in the past.

but for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.

如果条件句从句中包含有 were, had, should 或could, 有时可把if省略掉, 并把were, had, should或could放在主语前面.

had we made adequate preparation, we might have succeeded.

should there be a flood, what should we do?

高中英语语法 动词的语气 篇4

一.概念

语气有三种:陈述语气,祈使语气和虚拟语气.语气表示说话人对劝词所示示的动作或所处的状态持有的态度或看法.二.相关知识点精讲

1.辨别if 引导真实条件句和if引导的虚拟条件句的区别

If he has time, he will go with us.= Probably he has time and will go with us.If he had time, he would go with us.=But in fact he has no time.2.虚拟条件句中主句和从句的谓与动词构成形式如下表

if条件句中的谓与动词 主句的谓与动词

与现在的事实相反

1.行为动词用did 形式

2.be动词用were should

would

could + 动词原形

might

与过去的事实相反

had + done should

would

could + have + done

might

与将来的事实相反 1.行为动词用did

2.should + 动词原形

3.were to + 动词原形 should

would

could + 动词原形

might

3.混合时间的虚拟语气

如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生,主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整。

1)0If I had received the passport yesterday, I would start today.2)If he had telephoned me last night, I would see him now.3)If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be all right now.4)If China had not been liberated, the working people would still be leading a miserable life.4.should/ could / might/ ought to + have done 表示“过去本应该/可以做而实际上却没做” needn’t have done 表示“过去没必要作而实际上做了”

5.虚拟语气中的倒装句

如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were, had, could, should,有时可将if省去,而将条件从句的主语置于were, had, should, could 之后。

Had you invited us, we would have come to your party.Were I you, I would do more practice after class.Could she lend us a helping hand, she would do so.6.wish 后面的宾语从句的谓语动词应使用虚拟语气,表示“可惜…;….就好了; 悔不该…; 但愿…。” 主句谓语 从句谓语

wish 时态 谓语动词的形式

现在时

表示与wish同时发生 动词用过去时

be动词用were

过去时

表示在wish之前发生的动作 动词用had done

be用had been

将来时

表示在wish之后发生的动作 动词用would do;should do

be 用 would be;should be

1)I wish I knew the key to the answer.2)I wish I were ten years younger.3)I wish that I had gone to the football match last week.4)I wish that you had been here yesterday.5)He wishes that we would visit the old school.7.表示命令或建议动词suggest, insist, propose, desire, demand, request, order, command 后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟 should +动词原形; should 不可用would 来替代;主句所使用的动词时态不限。

8.suggest 为“建议去做…;命令…”从句用should + do

为“ 说明; 暗示”, 从句用过去时或过去完成时。

1)The doctor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day.2)The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold.9.insist “坚持要去做…,坚持应该去做”,从句用should + do为“坚持表明,坚持说/解释”,从句用过去时或过去完成时。

10.虚拟语气也用于表语从句和主语从句中,表示间接的命令、要求、请求、建议、决定等,主句的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea 等。表语从句中的谓语动词是should +动词原型,should 可以省略。

11.在主语从句中,当从句用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜等,从句的谓语动词用需拟语气形式。其谓语动词时should + 动词原型,或should 省略。

三.巩固练习

1.If there were no subjunctive mood, English _________ much easier.A.will be B.would have been

C.could have been D.would be

2.If I _____ you, I’d join the army.A.am B.was C.were D.would be

3.If he _______ tomorrow, he would find Mr Wang in the office.A.comes B.will come C.should come D.come

4.If it _______ next week , the crops would be saved.A.rains B.will rains C.would rain D.should rain

5.If I _______ it, I would do it in a different way.A.were to do B.do C.had done D.was to do

6.Supposing the weather ________ bad, where would you go ?

A.is B.will be C.were D.be

7.If he had worked harder, he _________.A.would succeed B.had succeeded

C.should succeed D.would have succeeded

8.If he ________, he _________ that food.A.was warned;would not take

B.had been warned;would not have taken

C.would be warned;had not taken

D.would have been warned;had not taken

9.If my lawyer _________ here last Saturday, he _______ me from going.A.had been;would have prevented

B.had been;would prevent

C.were;would prevent

D.were;would have prevented

10.If he ______ it, he _______ it.A.had seen;could have believed B.saw;couldn’t believe

C.saw;couldn’t have believed D.has seen;had believed

11.—Do you think the thief entered through the window?

—No, if he had, I don’t believe, _______ broken the living-room’s window.A.he would have B.he must have

C.he had D.should he have

12.—Did you go swimming last Sunday?

—No.We would have gone ______ nicer.A.if the weather was

B.would the weather have been

C.had the weather been

D.should the weather be

13.______ it ______ for your help, I couldn’t have made any progress.A.Had;not been B.Should;not been

C.Did;not been D.Not;been您正在阅读的文章来自2xxyy.com

14._______ today, he would get there by Friday.A.Would have left B.Was he leaving

C.Were he to leave D.If he leaves

15.It is ordered that a new bridge ______ over the wide river.A.should be built B.would built

C.will be built D.built

四.答案

高一英语情态动词与虚拟语气 篇5

选择题 1.A.can’t

. B.couldn’t

C.may not

D.might not .

D.had been broken D.can’t;shouldn’t

2.A.breaks 3. B.has broken.C.were broken

A.won’t;can’tB.mustn’t;may C.shouldn’t;must

4.--Shall I tell John about it?

I’ve told him already. B.wouldn’t

C.mustn’t

D.shouldn’t

A.needn’t5.--Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?

B.would B.would

C.was going to

C.could

D.did get out. D.was able to

A.hadA.had to

6.7.--When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.

--They________ be ready by 12:00. A.can

B.shouldC.mightD.need

8.Peter_______ come with me tonight, but he’s not sure yet.

A.mustB.mayC.canD.will 9.--Will you stay for lunch?

--Sorry,________.My brother is coming to see me. A.I mustn’t

B.I can’t

C.I needn’t

D.I won’t

10.--Are you coming to Jeff’s party?

--I’m not sure.I_______ go to the concert instead. A.must

B.would

C.should

D.might

11.The two strangers talked as if they _______ friends for years.

—1—

A.should be

--Of course. B.would beC.have beenD.had been 12.--The room is so dirty, ________we clean it?

A.WillB.Shall

A.needn’tC.WouldD.Do 13.Michael_______ be a policeman, for he’s much too short. B.can’tC.shouldD.may

14.--Could I call you by your first name?

--Yes, you________.

A.willB.could

license________ take an eye test.

A.canB.mustC.wouldD.may

D.should C.mayD.might 15.According to the local regulations, anyone who intends to get a driver’s 16.I should have been there, but I ______not find the time. A.wouldB.couldC.might

17.--Write to me when you get home.--_______.

D.I can A.I mustB.I shouldC.I will

ceremony? 18.Mr Bush is on time for everything.How ________it be that he was late for the opening

A.canB.shouldC.mayD.must

19.You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman_______be so rude to a lady.A.mightB.needC.shouldD.would

20.--I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins._________I have a look?--Yes, certainly.

A.DoB.MayC.ShallD.Should

21.--Is John coming by train?

--He should, but he________not.He likes driving his car.

A.mustB.canC.need

papers have been collected.

—2— D.may 22.It has been announced that candidates_________remain in their seats until all the

A.canB.willC.mayD.shall

23.Naturally, after I told her what to do, my daughter_______ go and do the opposite!

A.mayB.canC.mustD.should

24.--I hear they went skiing in the mountains last winter.

--It_______ true because there was little snow there.

A.may not beB.won’t beC.couldn’t beD.mustn’t be

25.A left-luggage office is a place where bags__________ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.

A.shouldB.canC.mustD.will

26.How_________ you say that you really understand the whole story if you have covered only part of the article?

A.canB.mustC.needD.may

27.--Who is the girl standing over there?

--Well, if you______ know, her name is Mabel.

A.mayB.canC.mustD.shall

28.“The interest_________ be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge.

A.mayB.shouldC.mustD.shall

29.--I don’t mind telling you what I know.

--You_________.I’m not asking you for it.

A.mustn’tB.may notC.can’tD.needn’t

30.I________ pay Tracy a visit, but I am not sure whether I will have time this Sunday.

A.shouldB.mightC.wouldD.could

31.I often see lights in that empty house.Do you think I_______ report it to the police?

A.shouldB.mayC.willD.can

32.--Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.

--You________ have my computer if you don’t take care of it.

A.shan’tB.might notC.needn’tD.shouldn’t

33.--Excuse me .Is this the right way to the Summer Palace?

—3—

--Sorry, I am not sure.But it________be.

A.mightB.willC.mustD.can

34.--Mum , I’ve been studying English since 8 o’clock._________ I go out and play with Tom for a while.--No, I’m afraid not .Besides , it’s raining outside now .

A.Can’tB.Wouldn’tC.May notD.Won’t

35.Children under 12 years of age in that country________be under adult supervision when in a public library.

A.mustB.mayC.canD.need

36.--Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there?

--No, it__________be him--I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses.

A.can’tB.must notC.won’tD.may not

37.You ________ be tired--you’ve only been working for an hour.

A.must notB.won ’t beC.can’tD.may not

38.--Tom graduated from college at a very young age.

--Oh, he________have been a very smart boy then.

A.couldB.shouldC.mightD.must

39.You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ______ not like the design of the furniture.

A.mustB.shallC.mayD.need

40.Tom, you___________leave all your clothes on the floor like this!

A.wouldn’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.may not

D.Need 41.John, look at the time.___________you play the piano at such a late hour?A.MustB.CanC.May

it________ be very slow.

A.shouldB.mustC.willD.can 42.The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because

43.--Lucy doesn’t mind lending you her dictionary.

--She_________.I’ve already borrowed one.

—4—

A.can’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.shouldn’t

44.--I’ve taken someone else’s green sweater by mistake.

--It_______Harry’s.He always wears green.

A.has to be

A.can’tB.will beC.mustn’t beD.could be 45.You know he is not going to let us leave early if we_______get the work done. B.may notC.shouldn’tD.mustn’t

46.--What’s the name?

--Khulaifi.________I spell that for you?

A.Shall

A.can’tB.WouldC.CanD.Might 47.There’s no light on--they_______be at home. B.mustn’tC.needn’tD.shouldn’t

48.--Mr Gordon asked me to remind you of the meeting this afternoon.Don’t you forget it!

--OK, I_________.

A.won’tB.don’tC.willD.do

49.--Is Jack on duty today?

--It_________be him.It’s his turn tomorrow.

A.mustn’tB.won’tC.can’tD.needn’t

50.--I think I’11 give Bob a ring.

--You________.You haven’t been in touch with him for ages.

A.will

A.needB.mayB.mustC.have toC.shouldD.shouldD.can 51.We hope that as many people as possible_________join us for the picnic tomorrow.

52.Some aspects of a pilot’s job________be boring, and pilots often___________work at inconvenient hours.

A.can;have to

C.have to;may

53.--May I smoke here?

--If you________, choose a seat in the smoking section.

—5—B.may;can D.ought to;must

A.should

A.can

tough task.B.couldC.mayD.must 54.--Could I have a word with you, mum?B.must--Oh dear, if you______. C.mayD.should 55.Black holes ________ not be seen directly,so determining the number of them is a

A.canB.shouldC.mustD.need

56.--How’s your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?

--It_________be, but it is now heavily polluted.

A.willB.wouldC.shouldD.must

57.In crowded places like airports and railway stations, you_______take care of your luggage.

A.canB.mayC.mustD.will

58.My MP4 player isn’t in my bag.Where _________ I have put it?

A.canB.mustC.shouldD.would

59.As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area________.

A.need repairing

C.needs repairingB.needs to repairD.need to repair

60.The boss has given everyone a special holiday, so we________go to work tomorrow.

A.can’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.shouldn’t

61.-What does the sign over there read?

--“No person_______smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area.”

A.willB.mayC.shallD.must

62.--What do you think we can do for our aged parents?

--You___________do anything except to be with them and be yourself.

A.don’t have toB.oughtn’t toC.mustn’tD.can’t

63.--Turn off the TV, Jack._________your homework now?

--Mum, just ten more minutes, please.

A.Should you be doing

B.Shouldn’t you be doing D.Will you be doing C.Couldn’t you be doing

中学英语语法虚拟语气 篇6

虚拟语气是英语语法中的一个重要部分, 在各类语法书中都给出专门章节去讲解。由于英语虚拟语气中的谓语形态搭配在汉语语法中的缺失, 造成了中国学生学习这一语法的困难, 而由于大多数语法书, 甚至一些国内的权威语法书, 比如像《薄冰英语语法》 (2007) , 《张道真大学英语语法》 (2013) , 等都过分强调虚拟语气的“语法性”——或者是展示虚拟语气形态搭配或者是要求记忆特定虚拟句型, 而不去挖掘其形态搭配的根源, 所以常常使得中国学生在学习这一语法是感觉难上加难。事实上, 虚拟语气是一个能在很大程度上反映英语语言形合的语法项目, 由于英语语言的形合特征, 所以虚拟语气的特征主要体现在谓语动词的形态搭配上, 这一形态搭配总的来看属于同直陈语气相比较而言的偏离, 这是从虚拟语气形态上去探讨;从意蕴上来看, 虚拟语气之所以虚拟, 是因为从现在、过去和将来这三种时间上来看, 它内在隐含的是同现在和过去事实相反和将来动作发生的可能性很小的语气。本文首先从虚拟语气的含条件句的基本句型的谓语搭配的形态谈起, 指出其谓语形态发生的时态偏离及其降格现象, 然后又探讨了虚拟语气之所以虚拟的内在的两种意蕴, 然后在下一部分我们通过分析虚拟语气常见的句型中谓语的形态搭配和意蕴, 认为我们可以把虚拟语气中谓语形态的“降级”形态和两种“意蕴”推广开来, 最后指出, 认识到虚拟语气的这些特征将极大地有利于学生对虚拟语气的理解和掌握。

二、虚拟句型中谓语的时态偏离

虚拟句型中谓语的时态, 从主、从句来看主要有以下三种情况, 我们通过例句说明如下:

(1) If Lu Xun were here, he would (should) be glad for that progress now.

汉译为:现在要是鲁迅先生在这里的话, 他会对那样的进

步非常高兴的。

(2) If I had worked hard, I would (should) have passed the exam last term.

汉译为:上个学期要是我好好学习的话, 那我就能通过考试了。

(3) If you were to come here, I would (should) go there tomorrow.

汉译为:明天要是你来这儿的话, 我就要去哪儿了。

通过以上三个例句的英语表达和汉译我们很容易看出, 以上三个英语例句都是虚拟表达, 事实上, 我们知道同汉语相比英语是一种非常形合的语言, 所以从句子内部的形式来看, 它有特定的时态和语态等搭配, 尤其对于像虚拟语气这样的语式, 我们更有必要探讨其内部的时态构成, 这里我们从主句和从句的谓语时态来看, 我们很容易发现, 不论是主句还是从句, 它们普遍的都发生了时态上的偏离。我们知道在英语中, 时态标志词 (time-marker) 是英语句子谓语变化的重要的依据之一, 比如例1, 有表现在的时态标志词“now”, 按正常情况, 我们主从句中谓语中应该用表现在时态的谓语搭配, 然而这里谓语时态却明显的发生了偏离, 从句用的是一般过去式, 而主句用的却是过去将来时 (或者也可以理解为情态动词的用法搭配) ;类似地, 例2、例3也是如此, 例2中有表过去时态标志词“last term”, 但在句子中同样也没有用一般过去时的搭配, 而相反地, 在从句中用了过去完成时, 主句中用了过去将来完成时 (或者也可理解为情态动词的用法搭配) ;例3中虽然有表将来的时态标志词“tomorrow”, 但是从句却用的是过去将来时, 主句也用的过去将来时 (或者也可以理解为情态动词的用法搭配) , 那么谓语时态为什么会发生时态偏离呢?我们可能会回答说, 那是因为这里是虚拟语气。那么我们又有可能会问, 为什么这里你能看出是虚拟语气呢?我们又可能会这样回答, 那是因为这里谓语动词发生了时态偏离。很明显, 这是一个循环问、答, 对于我们学习虚拟语气意义不是很大, 事实上我们探讨虚拟语气的偏离现象的意义在于, 通过探讨找出英语这一特定虚拟语法上谓语搭配上的“形”的规律, 这种形的规律, 简单来讲就是从句中谓语同正常的直陈语气相比普遍地发生了降级现象, 而主句最主要体现的是情态动词would (should) 表推测的用法。我们做图表如下:

由以上我们可以看出, 这种虚拟语气时态的偏离是有章可循的, 尤其是在从句的谓语时态搭配中, 也即:对现在的虚拟, 谓语动词从一般现在时 (do) 降级到一般过去时 (did) , 表现在的过去;对过去的虚拟, 谓语动词从一般过去时 (did) 降为过去完成时 (had done) , 表过去的过去;对将来的虚拟, 谓语动词从一般将来 (be to) 降为过去将来时 (be to) 形式, 明白了这一点, 虚拟语气偏离的时态搭配就好理解了, 至于主句中的谓语动词都是情态动词would (should) 表推测“可能”的用法, 也就是在所有的主句中都隐含着一种可能的内在涵义, 虽然有时我们不把它明译出来, 比如:上边例句可分别译为:

例1:现在要是鲁迅先生在这里的话, 他 (可能) 会对那样的进步非常高兴的。

例2:上个学期要是我好好学习的话, 那我就 (应该) 能通过考试了。

例3:明天要是你来这儿的话, 我 (或许) 就要去哪儿了。

这样我们就能从一个理解的角度去理解虚拟语气中谓语时态的偏离现象了, 避免了我们经常陷入的机械记忆的误区, 而这样的偏离我们可以扩展到其他的虚拟句型的应用上, 所以具有重要的意义。

三、虚拟语气中语义的虚拟意蕴

事实上, 对虚拟语气中谓语时态的偏离的探讨, 我们解决的是虚拟语气句型“形”的问题, 形的问题, 同汉语相比, 是虚拟语气在英语中的一种独有现象, 所以对中国学生来说相对难些, 我们已经进行了具体的探讨, 至于虚拟句型“义”的问题, 我们理解起来还是容易一些的, 因为古今中外所有的语言不论它的形式如何, 它们的“义”是可以交汇的, 所以我们有不同民族间语言的翻译和不同时期语言的翻译。谈到英语中虚拟语气的“义”, 也就是在什么样的语义情况下我们在英汉互译理解时采用虚拟语气的理解。我们最主要分为两种情况:一种是英译汉时的理解, 一种是汉译英时的理解。英译汉时, 我们最主要通过观察谓语动词的形式, 如果谓语动词的形式同直陈语气相比, 发生偏离了, 那么我们就要在英译汉时就要尽可能地把虚拟语气的情态翻译出来, 如果是汉译英时, 我们一定要采取谓语动词偏离的形式去翻译, 那么什么时候我们应采用呢, 这也就是我们作为一个汉语使用者应该搞清楚的问题, 大致有两种情况:一种是与事实相反, 一种是事情发生的可能性很小, 与事实相反这是我们通常谈到的, 事情发生的可能性很小实际上也是我们在理解虚拟语气时的一个重要依据, 否则的话那就应当用直陈语气了, 再讲的透彻一些, 第一种情况经常应当属于对现在和过去的虚拟, 因为只有在是现在和过去时才能说是与事实相反, 而在将来那就应当是发生的可能性很小了。还是通过以上我们列举的三个句子来说明:

(1) 现在要是鲁迅在这里的话, 他会对那样的进步非常高兴的。

英译为:If Lu Xun were here, he would (should) be glad for that progress now.

(2) 上个学期要是我好好学习的话, 那我就能通过考试了。

英译为:If I had worked hard, I would (should) have passed the exam last term.

(3) 明天要是你来这儿的话, 我就要去哪儿了。

英译为:If you were to come here, I would (should) go there tomorrow.

例 (1) 和例 (2) 很显然是表达一种与事实相反的状况, 因为鲁迅很明显不可能在这里, 而且上个学期我肯定也没有好好学习, 而例 (3) 同前两个例子相比则有些微妙的差异了, 因为是对将来 (明天) 情形的虚拟, 所以说明你来这儿的可能性极小极小, 要是大的话就用直陈语气了, 即“If you come here, I will go there”.

所以从意蕴的方面来讲, 虚拟语气的“义”就表现在两种情况:即与现在和过去发生的事实相反和从将来的角度来看动作发生的可能性很小, 当然刚才我们只是从三个典型例句来分析虚拟语气中的形上的时态偏离和义上的两种意蕴, 那么是否可以推广到虚拟语气中的其他句型, 我们将要通过更多的例句进行探讨说明。

四、虚拟语气的时态偏离和两种意蕴的其他句型的推广

以上我们对于虚拟语气“形”和“义”的探讨, 最主要是英语虚拟语气中最常见的含条件句的主从复合句之中, 那么我们所提出的时态偏离和两种意蕴是否适合于其他虚拟式句子呢, 我们最主要是通过选取一些英语的典型的句子来看看, 首先我们把这些句型分为以下几类, 每一类我们给出2-3个典型句子:[1]

1表示含有命令、决定、建议等词源的词语之后的that分句。

He ordered that all the books (should) be sent at once.

She insisted that she (should) go to the south for her holiday.

2用于含有某种观点的特定形容词的句型的that分句。

It is essential that all the facts (should) be examined first.

It is necessary that he (should) come back without delay.

3用于某些含有特定的词语的句型之中。

It is time we went to bed.

If only I were not so nervous.

If only I hadn’t been so nervous.

I am told they are going by bus, but I would rather they went by train.

He didn’t attend the meeting.I would rather he had been present.

He behaves as if he owned this place

She was sitting quietly in the garden as if nothing had happened to her.

I wish I didn’t have to go to work today.

I wish I hadn’t eaten so much last night.

I wish you wouldn’t smoke in public places.

4用于某些公式化语句之中。

Long live the People’s Republic of China!

God bless you!

He will remain here if need be.

以上第一和第二类that从句中的谓语动词很显然涉及到将来的动作, 由于其动作的发生本身不决定用主句中句子的主语, 所以在这里用虚拟表示从理据上来说就是应当的, 也就相应的从句子谓语形态上发生了时态偏离, 用动词原形或者情态动词should+动词原形。

第三类句子里包含了一些特定的词语和句型, 我们通过“形”和“义”分析, 也是符合我们提出的理论的。这里简要分析“It is time that…”句型和含“would rather (that) ”句型的例子。It is time we went to bed. (我们该睡觉了) , 主句用的是一般现在时谓语动词而从句却用了一般过去时, 而显然发生了时态的偏离, 从这句话的意义上来讲也只是一种建议, 动作的发生也不取决于说话人的意见, 所以也是应该用虚拟语气的。再看would rather例句, 很显然第一个例句表示对现在的虚拟, 第二个例句是对过去的虚拟, 它们都发生了时态偏离, 而且意义上都是与所发生事实相反, 如果我们有耐心去分析其他组的例句也同样符合我们的结论。

第四类里是一些所谓的公式句, 事实上是人们在日常生活中句子常用的简练浓缩, 也是表达祝愿, 必要等意图, 所以也就相应的用了虚拟, 形式上发生了偏离, 比如在“God bless you!”当中, 虽然“God”在数上属于第三人称单数, 但是谓语动词绝对不能用第三人称单数形式, 因为这是由于内在的虚拟所致。

五、结语

我们知道人类的言语虽然有其特定的法则, 但是无论从共时还是历时的角度来看, 言语都是动态变化的, 它会在它的机制内部产生一些或者消失一些言语的词类和运用, 反映到与其相对应的语言上, 我们也可以说是动态变化的, 所以任何的语言法则, 即使是最严谨的语法系统都不能真正的包罗下一切语言现象, 我们今天谈到的虚拟语气更是如此, 虽然本文结论般的从虚拟语气的“形”和“义”两方面提出了虚拟语气中的“时态偏离”和“两种意蕴”, 但目的并不在于为虚拟语气下定论, 或者论证这一结论在虚拟语气这一语法系统下, 放之全部都皆准, 而在于帮助中国学生能更好地的掌握这一英语语法现象, 同时也希望和同行交流, 以更好地促进中国学生对虚拟语气的理解和学习。

摘要:虚拟语气是英语语法中的一个重要部分, 由于它的谓语形态搭配在中国语法中的缺失, 所以造成了中国学生学习这一语法的困难, 本文拟从虚拟语气的“形态”和“意蕴”两个角度展开讲解, 以挖掘虚拟语气之所以为虚拟的根源, 从而摆脱许多语法书所强调的对虚拟语气形态搭配机械记忆的窠臼, 最终帮助学生更好地学习和理解英语虚拟语气。

关键词:虚拟语气,形态搭配,形态,意蕴

参考文献

[1]张道真.张道真大学英语语法[M], 合肥:安徽人民出版社, 2013年。

[2]薄冰何政安.薄冰英语语法[M], 北京:开明出版社, 2007年。

高考英语虚拟语气五大考点 篇7

考点1:if虚拟条件句

首先,我们来了解一下if条件从句中的动词和主句的动词使用情况:

从上表我们可以清楚地看出,假设情况不同,if从句和主句中的谓语动词形式也相应有所不同,需要同学们认真记忆,并在考试时对应作答。例如:

15. John went to the hospital alone. If he________

me about it, I would have gone with him. (2010年天津卷)

A. should tell B. tells

C. told D. had told

【解析】题干的意思是:“约翰独自去了医院。如果他当时告诉我的话,我早跟他一起去了。”前面独立的句子是陈述语气,交代了整个事件发生在过去。后面主句would have gone说明是与过去事实相反的假设,故if从句中应使用had done形式,故正确答案为D。

值得注意的是,时态运用不能一概而论,也不能照搬上面的表格,而应具体情况具体分析。当我们遇到错综时间虚拟条件句时,也就是if引导的从句动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致时,就应根据实际情况和语境来判定时态。例如:

30. Maybe if I________science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help. (2011年北京卷)

A. studied B. would study

C. had studiedD. was studying

【解析】题干的意思是:“如果我那时学的是科学而不是文学,也许我现在就能给你更多的帮助了。”主句用的是would be able to do,表示对现在情况的虚拟,但由从句中的then可知, if引导的状语从句表示与过去事实相反的假设,故从句应用had done形式,故正确答案为C。

注意:如果if条件句中的谓语含有were、should或had,可将if省去,而将这三个词放于条件句主语之前构成倒装。例如:

10. Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy________ (2010年浙江卷)

A. would have been savedB. had been saved

C. will be savedD. was saved

【解析】题干的意思是:“如果我早知道这个电脑程序,就可以节省大量的时间和精力了。”根据句子的倒装特征判断此处是省略了if的虚拟条件句,补上if并还原题干为正常语序:If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy________ 由此可判断if引导的从句表示对过去事实的虚拟,故主句应用would have done形式;又因为time and energy和save之间存在着被动关系,故正确答案为A。

考点2:含蓄条件句中的虚拟

含蓄条件句即不出现if字眼,而是通过上下文或without、otherwise、but for、even if/though等词(组)来表示虚拟的条件从句。如果与现在或将来事实相反,这时动词用would/could/should/might + do;如果与过去事实相反,这时动词用would/could/should/might + have done。例如:

22. I________through that bitter period without your generous help. (2011年陕西卷)

A. couldn't have goneB. didn't go

C. wouldn't goD. hadn't gone

【解析】题干的意思是:“没有你慷慨的帮助,我就不可能度过那段艰难的时期。”此时并没有明显的虚拟词if出现,但通过题意我们能明显感觉到without your generous help表含蓄的条件,“度过那段艰难的时期”说明事情发生在过去,“不可能”则明显与过去事实相反,因此主句谓语应使用couldn't have done形式,故正确答案为A。

28. We________John's name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury. (2011年江西卷)

A. will putB. will have put

C. would putD. would have put

【解析】题干的意思是:“要不是因为约翰近来受了伤,我们昨天早就把他的名字列到参赛名单中了。”根据but for判定此题考查含蓄条件句,题干中所阐述的情况与过去事实相反,因此主句谓语应用would have done形式,故正确答案为D。

考点3:wish宾语从句中的虚拟

一般情况下,wish后从句中的动词形式如下:

例如:

28. —Where are the children? The dinner's going to be completely ruined.

—I wish they _________ always late. (2011年北京卷)

A. weren'tB. hadn't been

C. wouldn't beD. wouldn't have been

【解析】题干的意思是:“——孩子们在哪里?晚饭要彻底被毁了。——我希望他们不要总是迟到。”分析题干的结构,wish后的宾语从句表示与现在事实相反的愿望,应用动词的过去式,故正确答案为A。

考点4:would rather宾语从句中的虚拟

词组would rather后接从句时,从句的谓语用did表示与现在或将来情况相反的事实,用had done表示与过去情况相反的事实。例如:

34. George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I'd rather he _________ more on its culture. (2010年江苏卷)

A. focusB. focused

C. would focus D. had focused

【解析】题干的意思是:“乔治打算谈论自己祖国的地理状况,但是我宁愿他多讲讲它的文化。”题干中would rather之后的从句应用虚拟语气,表示与将来情况相反的事实,用动词的过去式,故正确答案为B。

考点5:特定宾语从句中的虚拟

在表示“建议、要求、愿望、提议”等词(如advise、recommend、command、demand、desire、insist、order、propose、request、require、suggest、urge)之后的宾语从句中,谓语都用(should) do表示虚拟。例如:

29. Teachers recommend parents________their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. (2010年福建卷)

A. not allow B. do not allow

C. mustn't allow D. couldn't allow

【解析】题干的意思是:“老师建议父母为了安全起见应不允许12岁以下的孩子骑自行车去上学。”动词recommend表示建议,其后宾语从句的谓语应使用(should) do的形式表示虚拟,故正确答案为A。

76. Mr. Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention ________ (讨论) at the meeting. (discuss) (2010年湖北卷)

【解析】题干的意思是:“约翰逊先生坚持要求在会议上讨论这个值得大家注意的问题。”动词insist表示“坚持”,其后的宾语从句谓语要用(should) do的形式表示虚拟,又因为problem与discuss之间是被动关系,故答案应为(should) be discussed。

同学们需仔细揣摩以上虚拟语气的考查热点,认真体会其考查途径和方法,记忆相关知识,力争在高考英语虚拟语气的相关考题上不失分。

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