英文摘要及翻译
南京XXX建设工程投标文件编制
摘要
建筑工程的招标投标是在市场经济条件下竞争性的工程承发包交易方式。它的特点是在政府有关部门的监督下由发包方设定包括工程质量、价格、期限为主要标的，邀请若干施工单位按照法定程序，通过秘密报价，实行公正、公平竞争、由发包方择优选择施工单位的过程。在这个过程中，作为招投标管理机构的主要工作是：审查招标投标单位的资格、招标文件、标底；参与较大工程的现场勘察和答疑会；监督开标、评标、定标；签发中标通知书。
随着市场经济的不断深入、发展和进一步规范，人们参与市场竞争的机会日益增多，这种竞争在招标、投标中的体现越来越多而且越来越趋于国际标准和规范，这就要求市场营销人员不失时机的运用市场规律，抓住市场脉搏，实习和掌握招标、投标的过程、规律、习惯和惯例，不断提高自身的业务水平和技能，在投标中避免或减少遗漏和失误，做到真实、全面、准确、详细而高效的完成每一部分必需的内容，提高标书制作水平，提高中标率，巩固老市场，赢得新客户，努力扩展市场占有率，在日趋激烈的市场竞争中，取胜于竞争对手，立于不败之地。
关键词：投标文件、施工方案、施工组织、技术报价
I
Nanjing XXX construction project of bid documents
Abstract
The construction project bidding is under the conditions of market economy
competitive project contracting way to trade.It is characteristic of the related
government departments under the supervision of the set by the party awarding
including engineering quality, the price, the time limit for the main mark, invited
several construction unit according to legal procedures, through a secret offer, a fair,fair competition, the construction unit by selected based on the process.In the process,as the bidding management agencies in the main work is: review of the bidding unit
qualification, the tender documents, mark-bottom;Participate in the investigation and
large engineering DaYiHui;Supervision and bid opening, evaluation and
determination;Issue the letter of acceptance.With the deepening of the market economy, development and further standardize,people involved in the market competition of the opportunity to increase, this kind of
competition in the bidding, bidding representation of more and more and more
international standards and specifications, which requires the marketing personnel
loses no time using the market rules, and seize the market pulse, practice and master
the bidding, bidding process, laws, customs and practices, and constantly improving
their own business level and skills, in bidding avoid or reduce the omissions and
errors, do the true, overall, accurate, detailed and efficient complete each part of the
necessary contents, improve bid designing level, and improve the bid-winning rate,consolidate old market, win new customers, strive to expand market share in the
increasingly fierce competition in the market, to win in competition, is in an
impregnable position.Key words: bidding, the terms of the contract, the time, the basis
致谢词
本毕业设计论文是在我的指导老师的亲切关怀和悉心指导下完成的。老师们严肃的科学态度，严谨的治学精神，师傅精益求精的工作作风，深深地感染和激励着我。老师们不仅在学业上给我以精心指导，同时还在思想、生活上给我以无微不至的关怀，在此谨向老师们致以诚挚的谢意和崇高的敬意。
我也要感谢我的父母，正是他们全力的培养才能让我有现在的文化水平。
我还要感谢在一起愉快的度过毕业论文小组的同学们，正是由于你们的帮助和支
持，我才能克服一个一个的困难和疑惑，直至本文的顺利完成。
在论文即将完成之际，我的心情无法平静，从开始进入课题到论文的顺利完成，有多少可敬的师长、同学、朋友给了我无言的帮助，在这里请接受我诚挚的谢意!
最后，再次对关心、帮助我的老师和同学表示衷心地感谢！
结束语
本毕业论文完成了南京航空航天大学幼儿园（江宁园）工程的招标。
通过本毕业设计，掌握了施工投标文件编制的内容、步骤、和方法，全面了解编制的全过程培养我们在建筑工程施工中的配合意识；培养正确、熟练运用规范、手册、标准图集及参考书的能力；通过实际工程训练，建立功能设计、施工、经济全面协调的思想，进一步建立施工人员的责任意识。
石油类科技论文摘要的语篇特点, 本文选取三篇论文摘要, 从以下三个方面分析石油类英语摘要的语篇特点和相应翻译策略:
一、摘要整体要求语法正确, 表达准确、地道
英文摘要要求必须按照英语语法, 不能出现中式英语。在翻译时, 要注意以下几方面:中英文差异、无主句、连动句、搭配不当、主谓不一致。如:“区域三维空间岩石可钻性预测方法研究与应用”一文中:
“分析了利用单一测井、录井及地震资料预测方法的不足, 提出了预测三维空间岩石可钻性的新方法, 即利用测井约束地震反演技术对三维地震数据进行反演, 生成全频带高分辨率的岩石纵波速度体, 通过室内微钻头岩心可钻性试验, 建立考虑岩石声波与密度属性的预测模型;据此开发了三维预测软件, 完成了三维空间地层岩石可钻性的预测。”
该句较长, 内容丰富, 必须首先理解原文含义, 并以英文规范语法翻译。原文作者翻译如下:A new 3D prediction method is presented, whichconstructsthesonic-densitymodelbycombiningthe core tests and acoustic data cube generated by using well log constrainedseismicinversiontechnique.本句表达原文理解有偏差, 内容有缩减, 语法有错误, 正确翻译应为:Anew3Dpredictionmethod is presented, in which a model considering both rock acoustic and density properties were constructed by combining the micro-bit drillability test and full-band and high-resolution P wave velocity cubewhichwasgeneratedby welllogconstrainedseismicinversion technique.
二、摘要类型
石油科技论文摘要一般为信息型摘要, 主要由投稿刊物的要求来确定。摘要内容包含研究目的、对象、方法、结论, 字数一般为原文10%左右, 200~300字左右。根据不同内容, 时态运用也随之变化。基本时态为一般现在时和一般过去时, 在提到研究结论时运用现在完成时, 而将来时主要用于对将来发展趋势的预测和建议。在翻译过程中, 应该根据不同内容, 选择正确时态。如“储、隔层岩石及层间界面性质对控制压裂缝高的影响”一文中:“当储隔层界面的抗剪强度高出某一临界值时, 压裂缝高急剧增大, 小于该临界值时则界面会发生滑移, 裂缝被完全限制在储层内;”原文翻译为Thefractureheightincreases quicklywhentheinterfacial shear strength is beyond a critical value, andthefractureheightconfinedfullybyreservoirwhentheinterfacial shearstrengthlowerthanthecriticalvalue.时态问题较大, 正确翻译应为:The fracture height increased quickly when the interfacial shear strength of reservoir rock/barrier was beyond a critical value, andthefractureheightwasconfinedfullybyreservoirwhentheinterfacialshearstrengthwas lowerthanthecriticalvalue.
三、大量使用被动句或第三人称主语句
科技论文谈论客观现象, 因此被动句和第三人称主语句使用较多, 在英文摘要中被动句占三分之一。而在汉语表达中, 多使用无主句或是使用第一人称等结构。在翻译过程中需要注意中英文表达差异。如“通过数值模拟得出, 弹性模量大的隔层在裂缝穿过界面时对其并无明显限制作用, 反而会有利于隔层中缝高的增大;”原文翻译为Throughnumerical simulation, we deduced that high elastic modulus interlayer hasalittlehinderswhenthefracturegrowsthroughthebondinginterface.此为典型汉语主动句, 应改为:Throughnumericalsimulation, it was deduced that barrier with high elastic modulus has little hinderingwhenthefracturegrowsthroughthebondinginterface.
参考文献
[1]冯庆华.实用翻译教程[M].上海外语教育出版社, 1995.
[2]张增基.英汉翻译教程[M].外语出版社, 1980.
[3]金惠康.跨文化交际翻译[M].贵州教育出版社, 1997.
关键词： 学术论文；英文摘要；结构要素；语言特点
一、摘要的结构要素
摘要的结构要素，主要由以下几部分构成：（1）主题阐述；（2）背景信息；（3）目的陈述；（4）方法论和语料；（5）研究结果/发现；（6）研究所带来的启示/结论[1]。
我们发现中文摘要在译成英文时，描述往往所占篇幅更大。因此，英文摘要应简洁明了，对资料进行精心筛选，做到简明扼要。
例1：摘要：在跨文化交际过程中，语言信息的编码综合和解码分析并不是绝对机械的反映和转换。发话人传递的信息和受话人接收的信息不等值的现象时有发生，容易导致交际双方产生误解。从交际过程中的信道干扰、交际双方的文化差异以及个体的认知差异等三个方面研究言语信息差产生的原因，有利于跨文化交际者的言语信息差的调控，从而达到交际语言准确、得体的目的。
Abstract：（1）The integrated encoding of language information and its decoding analysis cannot be mechanically reflected and transformed in inter - cultural communication. （2）Frequently， what the speaker says and what the receiver understands cannot be equalized in its intentional meaning， thus causing misunderstandings and conflicts. （3）Three causes for information gap have been analyzed： interference of the information channel， the different cultural factors， and the speakers’different cognitive ability， for the purpose of adjusting information gap to effectuate successful communication.
这篇英文摘要中的“ information gap” 和 “three causes”说明了该研究的领域是信息差及其产生的原因；句（1）中出现的“language information ”和“ intercultural communication” 则进一步补充说明了该研究的主题是在跨文化交际过程中，言语信息差的产生原因；前2句都是对该研究背景信息的描述；句（3）则点明了研究的方法并部分预示了语料的可能来源和该研究的目的；但是摘要结构要素的第五、六部分并未体现在摘要中。像以上摘要一样，目前许多摘要并没有包含所有的六大结构要素，因为有些成分是可有可无的。
二、摘要的语言
王光祖指出，“学术论文是对科学领域中的问题进行总结、研究、探讨，表述科学成果的文章。”[2]毋庸置疑，学术论文应注重科学性、逻辑性、精确性和严密性。那么论文的英文摘要也必须做到如此，尤其是专业术语的表达要符合英文习惯，体现科学、准确、严谨的特征。
摘要属正式文体，主要用以陈述事实， 表明观点。因而在英语摘要中主要使用陈述句，多用非谓词短语和复合句。主要常用句型有主谓宾句型和（ S +V +O）和主系表句型（ S +V + P）。由于英汉语言结构不同，在翻译摘要时，不应拘泥于原文的语言形式，应使译文表达更符合英语的行文特点。
例2：摘要： 翻译作为一门综合性、跨门类的学科与美学有着不解之缘。无论从理论上还是实践上，美学的理论思想和审美范畴对翻译都有一定的借鉴意义。本文试图结合心理学理论和美学理论来揭示译者的审美心理能力，探究译者进行翻译创作的心理机制，从而更好地了解译者在翻译过程中的审美心理。
Abstract： （1）As a comprehensive and interdisciplinary subject， translation studies is closely related to aesthetics， from which it has drawn extensively for its conceptualization and its practice a2like. （2）This paper discusses the translator’s aesthetic - psychological ability from both the psychological and the aesthetic perspective， probing the psychological mechanisms of literary translation with its view to better understanding the translator’s aesthetic psychology.
汉语摘要中的第一句和第二句被合并成为一句，主题“翻译与美学有着不解之缘”被放在合并后的主句中，从而得到突出。汉语的第二句是对第一句的补充说明，译成英语后就将其并入which从句中。汉语中第三句有“结合”“揭示”“探究”“了解”四个汉语动词。其中“揭示… …能”是语义中心，被置于主句的主干成分中，其它三个动词分别表示方法，伴随或目的，被分别用介词短语和分词短语译出，“多枝共干”的树形特点非常突出。
三、结语
综上所述， 摘要虽然篇幅短少，但包含了大量的有效信息。好的英文摘要是构成一篇高质量论文的重要组成部分。作为译者还是作者，都要求他们认真地了解英文摘要的构成要素， 熟悉其写作规范， 掌握一定的技巧，并通过不断实践，输出更多语言地道、格式规范的英语摘要文本。
参考文献：
[1]黄国文，葛达西.英语学术论文写作[M].重庆：重庆大学出版社，2006 .
[2]王光祖，杨荫浒.写作[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社，1989.
中文摘要：企业的融资结构是指企业融通资金不同方式的构成及其融资数量之间的比例关系，它反映了企业各项资金来源的组合情况。
根据企业资金来源的不同，可以把企业融资分为内源融资与外源融资两大类。
内源融资主要是指企业通过本身的生产经营活动产生的盈余来进行融资，主要包括企业的留存收益、折旧准备金、固定资产变现的流动资金转移。
外源融资是指企业利用外部资金来进行融资，主要有直接融资和间接融资两种方式。
其中间接融资主要以银行信贷为主，而直接融资则包括股票发行、债券发行和商业票据等。
通过对各种统计资料的分析和研究，可以看出我国企业当前融资结构过于单一，尤其是直接融资在企业融资比例中远远低于间接融资，因此，有必要及时进行相应的调整，从而实现我国企业融资的长期发展目标。
由于我国企业内源融资情况不容易了解也不容易比较，因此本文主要从外源融资中的银行借款、股票发行、债券发行及票据融资几个方面来探讨当前我国企业融资结构存在的一些问题，通过与国外企业融资结构的比较分析，对我国企业融资结构调整提出相应的建议。
Abstract:The margin structure of the business enterprise mean comparison relation between composing and its margin quantity of the business enterprise congenial funds different way, it reflected the combination circumstance of various funds sources of business enterprise.According to the dissimilarity of the business enterprise funds source, can is divided into the business enterprise margin inside the source margin and the outside source margin two major types.Mainly mean inside the source margin that the surplus of the production management activity creation that business enterprise passes oneself to carry on the margin, mainly include the business enterprise to subsist the income, depreciation the reserve, fixed assets fluxion funds become now transfer.The outside source margin mean that the business enterprise makes use of the exterior funds to carry on the margin, mainly having direct margin and indirect two kinds of methods of margin.Among them indirect margin mainly with the bank believe loan is lord, but direct the margin then includes stock issue, the bond issue and commercial note etc.s.Pass the analysis to various covariance data and researches, can see an our country business enterprise current margin structure too one, is a direct margin particularly in the business enterprise margin comparison far away below and indirect margin, therefore, have the necessity to carry on in time the homologous adjustment, thus carry out long-term development target of the our country business enterprise margin.Because the our country business enterprise inside the not easy understanding of the source margin circumstance is also not easy to compare, so this text mainly borrowed funds from the bank within outside source margin, the stock issue, bond issue and a few aspects of the note margin to inquiry into current our country the business enterprise margin structure existent some problems, pass with the foreign business enterprise margin structure of more analytical, to our country the business enterprise margin structure adjust put forward the homologous suggestion.
动力性能对建筑物的破坏
引言：建筑物在地震的作用下，和一些薄弱的建筑结构中，动力学性能扮演了一个很重要的角色。特别是要满足最基本的震动周期，无论是在设计的新建筑，或者是评估已经有的建筑，使他们可以了解地震的影响。
许多标准(例如：欧标，2003；欧标，2006)，建议用简单的表达式来表达一个建筑物的高度和他的基本周期。这样的表达式被牢记在心，得出标定设计(高尔和乔谱拉人，1997)，从而人为的低估了标准周期。因为这个原因，他们通常提供比较低的设计标准当与那些把设计基础标准牢记在心的人(例：乔普拉本和高尔，2000)。当后者从已进行仔细建立的数字模型中得到数值(例：克劳利普和皮诺，2004；普里斯特利权威，2007)。当数字估计与周围震动测量的实验结果相比较，有大的差异，提供非常低的周期标准(例：纳瓦洛苏达权威，2004)。一个概述不同的方式比较确切的结果刊登在马西和马里奥(2008)；另外，一个高级的表达式来指定更有说服力的坚固建筑类型，提出了更加准确的结构参数表(建筑高度，开裂，空隙填实，等等)。
联系基础和上层建筑的震动周期可能发生共振的效果。这个原因对于他们的振动，可能建筑物和土地在非线性运动下受到到破坏，这个必须被重视。通常，结构工程师和岩土工程师有不同的观点在共振作用和一些变化的地震活动。结构工程师们认为尽管建筑物和土壤的自振周期和地震周期都非常的接近。但对于建筑物周期而言，到底是因为结构还是非结构造成的破坏提出了疑问。如果加大振动，建筑物减轻自身的重量对共振产生的破坏有很大的减轻效果。岩土工程的工程师们还没有完全同意这个观点，因为土壤可以提高自身的振动周期，与建筑物有相同的振动周期，从而建立了产生共振的条件。这个问题的处理在于这个增加量到底是多少？一般来说这种答案是不可能的，因为它取决于建筑类型和土壤类型。例如，一些普通的混凝土建筑物，对这建筑物增加一个非常大的震动周期，可以知道在平常的振动下就会迅速的遭到破坏，尤其是那些砌体建筑，比如，马雪凯利建筑(2004)和克劳福建筑(2006)。
最后，估计在改装或者加固后参数表数字的变化，通过计算机计算来改变标准的振动周期，阻尼因数和振动波形。这可以是一个非常好的评估工具对于存在的一些干扰(法拉斯等，2008)。这种效果也可以作为一种诊断工具，对周围的振动测量很有帮助(布丁和汉斯，2008)。
对以上问题的进一步研究，强烈要求建立更加宽广的原地实验或者是实验室实验，得出实验结果来估算。用一个经济实用的方式，来营造动态特性。
The City Mouse and the Country Mouse
Once there were two mice.They were friends.One mouse lived in the country;the other mouse lived in the city.After many years the Country mouse saw the City mouse;he said, “Do come and see me at my house in the country.” So the City mouse went.The City mouse said, “This food is not good, and your house is not good.Why do you live in a hole in the field? You should come and live in the city.You would live in a nice house made of stone.You would have nice food to eat.You must come and see me at my house in the city.”
The Country mouse went to the house of the City mouse.It was a very good house.Nice food was set ready for them to eat.But just as they began to eat they heard a great noise.The City mouse cried, “ Run!Run!The cat is coming!” They ran away quickly and hid.After some time they came out.When they came out, the Country mouse said, “I do not like living in the city.I like living in my hole in the field.For it is nicer to be poor and happy, than to be rich and afraid.”
【译文】
城里老鼠和乡下老鼠
从前，有两只老鼠，它们是好朋友。一只老鼠居住在乡村，另一只住在城里。很多年以后，乡下老鼠碰到城里老鼠，它说：“你一定要来我乡下的家看看。”于是，城里老鼠就去了。乡下老鼠领着它到了一块田地上它自己的家里。它把所有最精美食物都找出来给城里老鼠。城里老鼠说：“这东西不好吃，你的家也不好，你为什么住在田野的地洞里呢？你应该搬到城里去住，你能住上用石头造的漂亮房子，还会吃上美味佳肴，你应该到我城里的家看看。”
乡下老鼠就到城里老鼠的家去。房子十分漂亮，好吃的东西也为他们摆好了。可是正当他们要开始吃的时候，听见很大的一阵响声，城里的老鼠叫喊起来：“快跑！快跑！猫来了！”他们飞快地跑开躲藏起来。过了一会儿，他们出来了。当他们出来时，乡下老鼠说：“我不喜欢住在城里，我喜欢住在田野我的洞里。因为这样虽然贫穷但是快乐自在，比起虽然富有却要过着提心吊胆的生活来说，要好些。”
(1) 应按照摘要编写的4个要素 (论文的目的、方法、结果、结论) 进行编写。目的:研究、研制、调查等的前提、目的、所涉及的主题范围。方法:所用的原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、手段、装备、程序等。结果:实验、研究的结果、数据, 被确定的关系, 观察得到的效果、性能等。结论:结果的分析、研究、比较、应用, 提出的问题等。
(2) 摘要编写应内容充实, 中文摘要一般为300字左右, 英文摘要与之对应, 应保证内容完整, 语言简洁、准确、流畅, 层次分明。
(3) 摘要应尽可能取消或减少课题研究的背景信息:出现的数据应是最重要、最关键的数据;缩略语、略称、代号。除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解以外, 在首次出现时必须写出中、英文全称;不得简单重复题名中已有的信息;除了实在无法变通以外, 一般不列数学公式, 不出现插图、表格;不用引文, 除非该文献证实或否定了他人已出版的著作。
Significance and Methods
Zhong Zhixian
Informed by the demands for innovations in the educational model of the Open University of China （OUC）， this article discusses the connotations， significance and methods of scholarship of teaching for OUC in an attempt to promote open and distance learning and enhance teaching quality. It is argued that scholarship of teaching should deal with the principles and methods of knowledge transmission， learning performance， and improvement of teaching practice from an academic perspective. Scholarship of teaching is believed to contribute to a comprehensive interpretation of the connotations of scholarship， the relationship between teaching and research， and the importance of teaching as well as to promote staff professional developments. Several factors influence scholarship of teaching， including research paradigm， research norm， and evaluation criteria.
Keywords： Open University； scholarship of teaching； connotation； significance； method
Open and Distance Education in the Post—RTVU Age： Issues and Concerns
Xiao Junhong
The establishment of the Open University of China （OUC） based on the Radio and Television Universities （RTVU） network is an important measure to realize the goals of actively promoting modern distance education and of running Chinese open universities well， as proposed in the Outline of the National Programme for Long— and Medium—term Educational Reforms and Developments （2010—2020）. This article sets out to analyze problems which hinder the transition of the RTVUs network to OUC and recommends possible solutions in the light of the Strategic Plan for the Open University of China. First， the instructional model should be open to change in accordance with the principles of open and distance education. Second， learning resources should play the role of academic tutor. Third， teaching support should be sustainable. Fourth， educational technology chosen should be appropriate to the purpose. Fifth， the curriculum should cater for learners’ changing needs with students having a say in what to learn. Last but not the least， there should be diversity in course assessment method.
Keywords： open and distance education； Radio and Television University； the Open University of China
Prior Learning Assessment and Recognition： A Legal Perspective
Yao Laiyan
Prior Learning Assessment and Recognition （PLAR） is the process of identifying， assessing and recognizing skills and knowledge acquired through previous learning， work experience， life experience， and so on before the applicants’ admission to higher education programmes. These experiences can be converted into credits to exempt students from some parts of the study. PLAR is hence believed to contribute to life—long learning. PLAR originated in France and was later widely adopted in the USA and Canada. Today， it is being studied and implemented in many countries in the world， including China. The Open University of China is a pioneer in this field in China， conducting theoretical research and international cooperation. Judging from the practice of some other countries， PLAR is of practical relevance to China’s open and distance education but may encounter difficulties in its implementation. It is argued that the implementation of PLAR depends on legal awareness， respect for individuals， law legislation and enforcement. Therefore， there should be relevant laws， policies， regulations， procedures as well as transparency. It is concluded that there should be in—depth research into PLAR followed by legislation and large—scale experiments before its implementation in China and that this process should be government—led.
Keywords： PLAR； prior learning assessment； non—formal learning； informal learning； credit recognition
Researching the Competencies Required for Tutors in Distance
Education for the Disabled
Huang Dan and Zhang Meilin
With 17 disabled distance learners as subjects of the first—stage interview， this study set out to investigate tutors’ roles in these distance learners’ course of study and life as well as what are expected of tutors. The second stage of the interview involved 37 tutors with the aim of examining their routine jobs and their opinions on what support a qualified tutor for disabled distance learners should be able to give his/her students. Informed by findings from the two interviews， the article outlines the competencies required for tutors of disabled distance learners and recommends some measures to improve these tutors’ competencies.
Keywords： distance education for the disabled； tutor； competencies
Implications from the Development of Corporate E—learning in
America， South Korea and Taiwan， China
Jiang Fengjuan， Wu Hongbin and Wu Feng
America， South Korea and Taiwan， China lead the world in corporate e—learning. Using the literature analysis method， the authors collected and examined relevant publications from ProQuest and CNKI as well as research reports from Bersin & Associates， ASTD and Brandon—hall. Based on findings from the literature analysis， they summarize the status quo of corporate e—learning in these areas and make informed predictions about the development trends. Measures to develop corporate e—learning in China are also discussed.
