介词to的常见用法小结（精选6篇）
介词 in，on，to 都可以用来表示某个位置的方向，它们的意义不同，故表示的方向及范围也不同：
1. in 表示方位，含义是“在......之内”，即一个小地方处在一个大地方的范围（疆域）之内。例如：
China is in the east of Asia. 中国在亚洲东部。（中国是亚洲的一个国家，处于亚洲的范围之内）
Guilin is in the north of Guangxi. 桂林在广西北部。（桂林是广西的一座城市）
Taiwan lies in the east of China. 台湾在中国的东部。（台湾是中国东部的一个省份，是中国的领土，在中国的疆域之内）
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国的东部。（上海是中国的一个行政区域，在中国的疆域之内）
The plant can be seen only in the north of Canada. 那种植物只有在加拿大北部才看得到。（暗指这种植物只生长在加拿大北部地区）
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳东升西落。
说明：表示某个地方的地理位置时，be，lie 以及 be located 的意义是一样的，可以互换使用。
2. on 表示方位，含义是“在......端/边”，即一个地方在另一个地方的某一端或某一边，两个地方只是相邻或接壤，却互不管辖。例如：
Guangdong Province is on the southeast of Guangxi. 广东省在广西的东南边。（广东省与广西在地理位置上是连在一起的，即两者相邻，却互不管辖）
China faces the Pacific on the east. 中国东临太平洋。（中国与太平洋相邻）
The country is bounded on the west by the sea.那个国家西边与海接界。（暗指该国为沿海国家）
Sichuan Province is on the north of Guizhou Province. 四川省在贵州省的北边。（四川省与贵州省在地理上也是连在一起的，但互不管辖）
3. to 表示方位，含义是“在......面”，即一个地方在另一个地方的范围之外，互不管辖。尤其当两个地方相隔较远，且有湖泊、大海等区域相隔时，通常用 to。例如：
Japan is to the east of China. 日本在中国的东面。（日本在中国范围之外，且有日本海分隔）
Taiwan is to the southeast of Fujian Province. 台湾在福建省的东南面。（台湾在福建省的范围之外，且两者之间有台湾海峡分隔）
Jinzhou is to the west of Shenyang. 锦州在沈阳的西面。（锦州和沈阳分别为两座城市，地理位置上互不相连，也互不管辖）
There is a beautiful park to the east of the station. 车站东面有一座景色宜人的公园。
4. 把河流、山脉、铁路等事物当做两地的分界线或基点，且不说明河流、山脉、铁路等是属于哪一方，通常使用介词 to，译为“以......（方向）”。此外，表示一个地方离另一个地方有多远，也用 to。例如：
Land to the east of the Urals is called Asia； land to the west， Europe. 乌拉尔山脉以东的陆地称为亚洲；以西的陆地称为欧洲。
The village lies to the south of the hill. 那座村庄在山的南面。
The little town lies about one hundred miles to the west of Guilin. 那座小城镇位于桂林以西约一百公里远的地方。
试比较：
The church is located to the south of the city. 那座教堂在本市的南面。（该教堂在本市范围之外）
介词but表示“除……外”，与except，other than或not including的意思相近。主要出现在以下场合：
① 与no，no one，none，nobody，nothing，nowhere等词连用。例如：
No one can do it but him. 只有他才能担当此任。
None but him knows this plant. 只有他认识这种植物。
I heard nothing but the wind. 除了风声，我什么也没听到。
② 与all，anything，anywhere，every，everybody，everyone等词连用。例如：
We were all here but Tom. 除汤姆以外，我们来了。
Everybody arrived on time but yourself. 大家都按时到达，就是你自己没有。
Have you ever been to anywhere else but Beijing？除了北京之外你还去过别的什么地方吗？
③ 与who，what，where及形容词最高级等连用。例如：
Who but a fool would do such a thing？除傻瓜外，谁还会干这样的事情？
What is she but my wife？她不是我的妻子还会是别的什么人？
He is the thinnest man in our school but Mr He. 除何先生外，他是我们学校里最瘦的人。
④ but后面常跟名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语或名词性从句作宾语。例如：
None but his dog saved him. 除了他的狗以外，谁也救不了他。
I have written all my letters but one. 我只差一封信就写完了。
He felt all but dead with fatigue. 他感到累得要死。
She was anything but mad. 她一点也不疯。
I remember I put it nowhere but in desk. 我记得我只是把它放在书桌里了。
I believe all but what he said. 我根本不相信他说的话。
⑤ but后面常跟带to的动词不定式作宾语。例如：
She had no choice but to wait. 除了等待，她别无选择。
⑥ but前的谓语动词是do时，其后跟省略“to”的动词不定式作宾语。例如：
He did nothing but read a novel yesterday. 除了看小说，他昨天什么也没干。
What can you do but take back what you said. 除了收回你的话外，你还能做什么呢？
⑦ but前面的非谓语动词是to do或doing时，but后面动词不定式的符号“to”可以省略也可以不省略。例如：
I had nothing to do but (to) watch TV yesterday evening. 除了看电视，昨晚我无事可做。
There was nothing left to do but (to) take a rest. 没有什么事情要做，只好休息了。
⑧ but前面的谓语动词或短语动词后要求接动名词时，在but后面应接动名词。例如：
He thinks of nothing but making money. 除了赚钱，他什么也不想。
That official was afraid of nothing but eating pork. 那位官员只是怕吃猪肉。
He could bear anything but hearing such bad news. 他听到这样的坏消息确实会忍受不了的。
⑨ but不能置于句首，也不能与other连用。例如：
Everyone but me was tired. (= Except for me，everyone was tired.) 除了我，大家都累了。
Mr An has no girl-friends but her. (= Mr An has no other girl-friend besides/except her.) 除了她外，安先生没有别的女朋友。
⑩ but后面的代词，可用主格也可用宾格；但处于主语位置时，用主格代词显得更自然，谓语动词的形式应与but前面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如：
No one but we (us) is able to do it. 只有我们能当此任。
Nobody but we (us) knows of it. 除了我们外，没有人知道这件事。
You are all wrong but I (me). 除我以外，你们都错了。
I told her that I had never loved anyone but her. 我告诉她，除她以外我没有爱过任何人。
二、含介词but的常见短语
1. all but除……外全都；几乎
All but mother in my family can speak English. 除母亲外，我一家人都会说英语。
They have all but finished the task. 他们几乎完成了任务。
You are all but a doctor. 你简直是个博士。
His theory is all but correct. 他的理论几乎是正确的。
2. anything but不见得；决不
He is anything but a good headmaster. 他不见得是个好校长。
His composition is anything but correct. 他的作文错误百出。
I was anything but angry. 我一点也不生气。
This car is anything but beautiful. 这小汽车根本不漂亮。
3. but for除……外；要不是
The purse is empty but for a few coins. 除了几枚硬币外，钱包里面是空空的。
She could have remarried but for her little daughter. 要不是因为她的小女儿，她早就再婚了。
4. but now刚刚，适才
I saw him in the office but now. 我刚刚看见他在办公室里。
I heard the commander talk about you but now. 适才我听得司令讲到您。
5. but that要不是，若非
But that I saw it，I could not have believed it. 要不是我亲眼所见，我决不会相信这件事。
But that you helped us，we could not have been rich. 要不是你的帮助，我们不会富裕起来。
6. can (or could) but只能，只好
His father can but know a few letters. 他的父亲只能认识几个字母。
The old lady could but walk slowly with a stick. 那位老太太只能拄着拐杖慢慢地走。
7. can (or could) not but不得不，忍不住
I could not but tell him about it. 我不得不告诉他这件事。
She could not help but leave there. 她只好离开那里。
Seeing her husband’s funny face，she could not but laugh. 看见丈夫的滑稽面孔，她忍不住笑了。
8. cannot (or could) choose but不得不，必须
They could not choose but obey. 他们除了服从外别无选择。
9. cannot (or couldn’t) help but不能不，不得不
I cannot help but be sorry. 我不能不感到遗憾。
10. first but one (two ...) 顺数第二 (三……)
In the brothers Mr Kong was the first but one. 孔先生在众弟兄中排行老二。
11. last but one (two ...) 倒数第二(三……)
We sat in the last row but four. 我们坐在倒数第五排。
12. never ... but每当……就……
He never sees Miss Wo but he thinks of his friend，Xiao Ya. 每当见到沃女士时，他就想起他的朋友小雅来。
Her brother never comes，but he asks her for money. 她兄弟来时，总是向她要钱。
13. next but one再下一个
They used to live in the next house but one to me. 他们住在我隔壁的隔壁。
14. no one but除了……外，谁也不
No one but a bedlamite would say such words. 除了疯子，谁也不会说这样的话。
15. not ... but不(是)……而(是)……
They were not the bones of an animal，but of a human being！ 他们不是动物的骨头，而是人的骨头。
We do not study Russian but English. 我们不学俄语，而学英语。
16. not (no such a) so ... but不是如此……以至于不……
There is no such a fool but he can see it. 没有愚蠢到连这都看不懂的人。
His English is not so bad but he can make himself understood. 他的英语还不至于差到不能把自己的意思讲清楚的地步。
17. nothing but只不过，仅仅(不以为然，厌烦之语气)
She is nothing but a housewife. 她只不过是个家庭主妇。
There is nothing but water in the bottle. 那瓶子里只有水。
His theory is nothing but correct. 他的理论只是不错而已。
18. nothing ... but除非
2、by表示方式(除作“抓住…”解时)或原因后接名词时,名词前通常不加冠词。
3、by表示方式作“凭着”解时,其后常接反身代词; 作“乘”解时,后接交通工具,其前不加冠词。
4、by表示比率作“以…为单位”解时,常与表示单位的名词或数词连用,名词前常用定冠词; 作“…比…”解时,用于两个数字之间表示面积。
5、by表示累加时,前后一般用同一个名词、数词或副词,名词前不用定冠词,且不用于复数形式。
6、by用于被动结构时，既可以引出施动者，也可用来表示做某事的`手段。
7、用作副词，表示经过，靠近，在旁边。
She hurried by without speaking to her teacher.
她匆匆经过,没有跟她的老师说话。
Come by for a drink after work.
一：表示相对，针对
be strange(common, new, familiar, peculiar, distinct, sensitive, immune, vulnerable, indispensable)to Air is indispensable to life.Aircrafts are vulnerable to interference caused by radiation.This injection will make you immune to infection 二：表示对比，比较
1：以-ior结尾的形容词，后接介词to表示比较，如：superior ,inferior,prior,senior,junior The quarrel happened prior to my arrival.2:一些本身就含有比较或比拟意思的形容词，如equal，similar，equivalent，analogous A is similar to B in many ways.3：表示一些先后顺序的形容词，如：second,subsequent,next,preliminary,preparatory Subsequent to the war,they returned to their hometown.4:to也偶尔出现在个别动词之后,与动词形成固定词组,表示比较,如:prefer to,compare to,in contrast to compare to sth.表示比喻或比拟,而compare with sth.表示比较,如: World is usually compared to a stage
Compared with his past,he has changed a lot.Prefer的正确句型是:prefer A to B或prefer doing A to doing B,但当prefer后接动词不定式时,表示比较的介词to就要改成rather than ,如: The undaunted soldier preferred death to surrender.Many people prefer spending money to earning money.They prefer to pursue careers rather than remain home as house wives.5:to与及个别的名词构成比较之意,如:alternative
Going to an under water concert is a great alternative to going to dinner.三:表示修饰关系
1:表示回复,反应意思的词,如:answer to question，solution to problem,response to inquiry,reaction to proposal,reply to letter 2:表示建筑构件的词汇,如: entry,entrance,approach,access,passage,exit,vent,path the approach to a bridge引桥
the approach to science
Half of the population was estimated to have no access to the health service.The access to education 接受教育的机会
The access to medical care 享受公费医疗的权利
4:表示人物职位和官衔的词,如:assistant to manager, ambassador to Spain, successor to tradition, heir to throne,deputy to the National People’s Congress advisor to the Prime Minister
5:表示权利和许可的词汇,如:right,admission
The employee finally got the admission to the boardroom.Everyone has an equal right to ……..6:表示栅栏或障碍的词汇, ,如:bars to development,the barrier to progress 7:表示与书籍,文本相关的词,如:introduction to passage.8:表示恭喜或是祝贺,如:
The director proposed a toast to the health of the guests.Let’s drink to Dick’s success in business
9:另外还有一些名词符合这种用法,有的具有两者息息相关,缺一不可的含义.如:key to door,invitation to party，guide to action,limitation to life,accessory to school
四:to还具有依据,伴随,和着节奏的含义,如:sing to piano, chance to the tune, stamp to the rhythm of the song, add salt to taste
五:表示趋势或倾向,如:tend to,be prone to,be inclined to,be apt to,be liable to
He’s liable to seasickness.You are liable to come to wrong conclusion.六:表示对事情的坚持与执着,如:sick to,hold o,adhere to,cling to He still holds on to his original views.七:表示约束,局限,如:limit to,confine to,resrict to He’s confined to the house by illness.He confined his remarks to scientific mangement.八:表示一种习惯或是一种适应性,如:get(be)to,used to,be accustomed to Finally,the students got used to my teaching method.十:表示起因和原由,如wing to,due to,thanks to,attribute to,come down to The flight was cancelled due to the thick fog.The famous artist attributed his success to his wife.十一:表示目的或结果,如:aim to,lead to,give rise to I aim to be an excellent college teacher.His conceit lead to his failure.These bad condition has given rise to a lot of crises 十二:表示命运,注定,如:be doomed to,be destined to，All military adventures by the two super powers are doomed to fail.十三:表示数量上的积累或增加,如:in addition to,add to,amount to
In addition to relief supplies,he also presented with some money.The annual output of steel amounts to 1200 tons.十四:表示全身心投入的含义,如:be addicted to,contribute to,devote to,commit to He is determined to devote all his life to his.十五:表示展望或是回顾,如:look forward to反date back to The church dates back to the 13th century.十六:表示方位概念.如:close to,next to I don’t like wool next to my skin.十七:表示依靠或借助,如:resort to,turn to,appeal to, He usually appeals to arms t o settle the territory dispute.十八:表示有关注,关于:as to,with regard to
十九:表示关注或重视,如:pay attention to,attach to，We should attach primary importance to job training.二十:表示依据或是根据,如:according to,in proportion to According to today’s newspaper,the match will be postponed.The lending countries subscribe towards capital stock in proportion to their economic importance.二十一:表示应该或必须含义的句式,如: It’s time to get up.We are supposed to get here at seven.It’s up to this country to ban nuclear weapons.二十二：表示相关联，相连接，如：be related to,be relative to,in relation to,be relevant to,link to
Investigate all the facts related to the problem.People often linked walth to happiness.二十三：表示反对和赞同。
1：to引导的表示反对，抗拒，对抗意义的词组。Be opposed to,be oppsist to,be contrary to,be adverse to,be resistant to,be contradictory to,object to,oppose to,deny tp,be aline to
These buildings are resistant to earthquake.They are to tally opposed to any changes being made in the plans.2:to引导的表示同意，赞同意义的词组：consent to,subseribe to，The employer consented to give him a salary raise.表示调整，使符合，使适应的含义，如：adapt to,commodate to,adjust to,conform to,habituate to,fit to,suit to,correspond to,cater to
She tried to habituate herself to the style of plain living.Your action should conform to the interests of the people.They offered various foods to cater to the need of customers.His words doesn’t fit to his actions.Suit your writing style to the masses.3:表示投降,屈服,服从的含义,如:be subject to,be subordinate to,submit to,subject to,surrender to,give in to,confess to,admit to.The minority is subordinate to the majority少数服从多数
Countries nearby oceans are always subject to earthquake.He confessed to having robbed the woman of her wallet.We’re not the kind of people to yield to any military threat.常用词组
she was the girlfriend of my friend. 她是我朋友的女友。
i give him a book of mine. 我把我的一本书给了他。
表部分：
the wood of this desk is cracked. 这张桌子的木头裂开了。
表动宾：
it’s a waste of time. 这是浪费时间。
表同位：
the island of hong kong is a great trading centre. 香港这个岛屿是一个重要的贸易中心。
表主谓：
he has got the news of the death of her grandma. 他已知他奶奶去世的消息。
表情感：
it’s kind of you to say so. 你能这样说真是太好了。
it’s clever of the king to find the plot. 国王很聪明，发现了这个阴谋。
i am fond of music. 我喜欢音乐。
she is sick of city life. 她厌倦城市生活。
表属性：
he was a man of great determination. 他是个十分果断的人。
she is a girl of much ability. 她是一个能力很强的姑娘。
用法不同：
who：who用作疑问代词时，意思是“谁”，一般只用来指人，在句中用作宾语或主语。who用作限制性或非限制性的关系代词，意思是“…的人，那个…”“他，她，他们”，在句中作主语。指某一组织机构的成员时也可用who，此时应用复数形式的.谓语。
whom：whom是who的宾格，在正式文体中常作宾语，用作疑问代词或连接代词时非正式文体往往用主格代替，若紧跟在介词之后则只能用whom。若在从句中用作表语则只能用who，不能用whom。
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