说明文英语

2024-10-13 版权声明 我要投稿

说明文英语(通用8篇)

说明文英语 篇1

说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人以知识的文章,英语说明文可分为对“客观具体事物”的说明和对“主观抽象观念”的说明两大类。 分享了英语说明文的说明方法,欢迎欣赏!

1. 定义法(definition)

定义法是用下定义的方式去揭示事物本质特征或概念内涵。它能使读者迅速抓住本质属性和基本特点。此法的句型:

① … is a/the … of … which/that …② … relate to/involve/refer to …

【例】

(1)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的语音符号体系。

(2)Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.

(3)Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.

2. 举例法(illustration)

举例法就是举出实际事例来说明事物的方法,是最常见,往往也是最有效的阐释模式。

提醒

举例时应挑选具体、典型且有能力表达清楚的`例子,并注意按照一定的顺序编排。

请看上述范文第二段:“For instance”引出“lifetime goals”的实例,如,赢得研究奖金、出版有影响书或文章、获得大学的系主任职位、获得国家自然科学基金及大公司稳定的顾问职位。

3. 分类法(classification)

分类法就是把说明的对象,按一定的标准划分成不同类别分别加以说明的方法。如:上述范文介绍人生的三种目标,并按照时间的长短对终生目标、长期目标和短期目标做了分类说明。

4. 比较法(comparison)

比较法是用一个事物和与其有联系的其他事物加以对比的说明方法。目的是为了帮助读者准确地区分事物,通过对比达到对该事物的深刻认识。

如:上述范文对三种人生目标在时间上和实际操作上进行了比较,并阐明了彼此的联系。

(1)Lifetime goals should be written out.

(2)Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated.

(3)These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.

5. 数字法(statistics)

数字法是运用数据来表明事物的本质和特点,准确合理的数据使文章精确可信。

【例】

(1)Nearly half of all Americans over age 20 wear a bridge or denture,and more than 20 percent have complete upper and lower denture. By age 50, one out of every two persons has gum disease.

(2)And it seems sensible to wait. One quarter of all marriages between people under twenty-one end in divorce. In Britain in 1972, there were 124,248 divorces.

说明文英语 篇2

1.抓住事物的特点即本质特征, 从而使读者获得全面、深刻的认识。

2.安排说明顺序。说明文常用的结构安排有下列三种:时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。有时说明复杂的事物, 常常将几种说明顺序结合运用。

3.讲究说明方法。写好事物说明文, 不仅要抓住特征, 注意条理, 而且要巧妙运用说明方法, 像下定义、举例子、作比较、分类别、列数字、画图表、打比方等, 使被说明事物的特征变得鲜明突出, 以便把复杂的事物说得清楚、直观。

4.说明语言要准确、简明、通俗、生动。因为说明文的写作目的, 是对事物作有条理的、客观的、科学的介绍和解释。

1.说明事物的说明文

[真题在线] (2008年江西省) 发明改变了世界, 改变了我们的生活。比如, 电视和自行车给我们的生活带来了许多变化和便利。请你以“Inventions”为话题, 根据提示写一份报告。先介绍电视和自行车的用途, 再发挥想象, 说说你想发明的东西, 并说明其用途或发明的理由。

注意:

1.报告应包括以上提示的所有信息, 但不要逐字翻译, 可适当发挥, 使行文连贯;

2.发明的东西可大可小, 有其特殊用途即可;

3.词数不少于80。开头和结尾已为你写好, 不计入总词数。

Good morning, everyone!Today I’m going to talk about inventions.

Inventions are created every day because people would like to make life easier There are famous inventions like

That’s all.Thank you very much.

[思路点拨]通过审题不难发现, 这是一篇要求说明“发明用途”的短文。首先要求学生对图片仔细观察, 然后适当联想, 最后再结合自己的生活常识, 来说明“发明的重要性”。

[经典范文]Good morning, everyone!Today I’m going to talk about inventions.

Inventions are created every day because people would like to make life easier There are famous inventions like the TV and the bicycle.TV provides us with different kinds of information so that we can know more about the world.We watch entertainment programs to relax ourselves.Besides, some learning programs help us with our study.

The bicycle is very useful, too.We go to school or work by bike.It’s not so expensive that most of us can afford it.It makes no pollution, which is good for our environment.What’s more, bicycle riding is a kind of exciting sport which is quite good for our health.

Though there have been many great inventions, I wish to invent a kind of pen which can help us write more quickly and neatly.When we meet problems in doing our homework or taking exams, it will tell us how to solve them.

That’s all.Thank you very much.

[名师点评]本篇写作首先点题, 告诉读者发明使我们的生活变得越来越便捷。接着举例说明了TV和bicycle的用途以及给人类带来的好处。最后通过自己的一个切身体会表达出自己的一个小愿望, 并以此鼓励读者多动脑以发明更多的新事物。本文措辞恰当, 使用了如provide sb with sth, help sb with sth, be good for等亮点短语, 并且还运用了让步状语从句和一些表示承接的连词, 如besides, though等, 使得行文流畅、过渡自然。更重要的是层次分明, 结构严谨。

2.说明事理的说明文

[真题在线] (2008年江苏省徐州市) 根据图示, 简要介绍一下如何才能保持健康, 并展开想象, 适当发挥。

要求:1.词数80左右。短文的开头已给出, 不计入总词数。

2.文中不得出现真实姓名和校名。

All of us want to be healthy_____________________.

[思路点拨]本题要求学生根据所给图示, 简要介绍一下如何保持健康。根据图示可知要从运动、睡眠、饮食和其他方面进行说明。

[经典范文]All of us want to be healthy.First I think sleep is important.Usually we need about eight hours’sleep every night.Then we will feel active and energetic during the day.A healthy diet is also important.Fresh vegetables, fruit and fish are good for us.We shouldn’t eat too many snacks and too much fast food, such as hamburgers and Coke.Everyone needs to do some exercise in order to keep fit, such as jogging and playing ball games.

Of course there are other ways to keep healthy.I think having a good state of mind is very important.

英语说明文叙述文写作方法剖析 篇3

【定义】说明文即对人物、事物和事理进行说明的文章。

【范例】请根据下面提供的材料,谈谈水的重要性。

1. 没有水地球上就没有生命。

2. 水几乎无处不在。

3. 水有固态、液态和气态三种形态。

4. 世界上仍有许多地方缺水。

One possible version:

Water

Water is very important for living things. Without water there can be no life on earth. All animals and plants need water. Man also needs water.

Water is found almost everywhere. Even in the driest part of the world there is some water in the air.

As is known to us all,water may be a solid,or a liquid or a gas. When it is a solid,it may be as hard as brick. When it is a liquid,it can be poured out of a container. When it is a gas,it cannot be seen or felt.

Although about 70 percent of the earth’s surface is covered with water,there are many places in the world still running out of water. So we should make good use of water on earth.

【剖析】

1. 开宗明义

说明文不同于一般的文学作品,它不需要环境、心境的描写,不需要引人入胜的气氛渲染。说明文的第一个句子就可以直奔主题。如通过Water is very important for living things.一句可以让我们清晰地了解到,该文要说明“水”的重要性。但如果以下述方法作为该文的开头就不符合说明文的要求了:

After I played football with my friends yesterday afternoon,I was very thirsty. But I couldn’t find any boiled water to drink. Only then did I realize that how important water is.

当然,说明文也可以以书信、便条、日记、口头介绍等形式出现。这时,我们应该注意书信等开头的写作格式。如:

I’m glad to get your letter. In your letter,you ask me about the importance of water. Now I’ll talk about it.

2. 条理清晰

要把说明文写得条理分明,必须掌握说明的顺序。常用的说明顺序有:

① 时间顺序,即按事物的发生、发展的先后顺序进行说明。

② 空间顺序,即按事物空间位置的顺序,由上至下,由近及远或由里至外地进行说明。

③ 逻辑顺序,即按人们认识事物的规律进行说明,如由概括到具体、由整体到部分、由现象到本质、由表及里、由原因到结果、由主要到次要、由特点到用途等。

“Water”一文使用的是逻辑顺序。作者按照人们认识水的规律,由概念到具体逐步加以说明:水十分重要 → 没有水就没有生命 → 水无处不在 → 水的形态。

3. 简洁生动

说明文的目的是向读者介绍他们不了解、不熟悉的人物、事理等,因此说明文的语言要浅显、简洁、生动。在概念比较抽象的地方可做适当的举例或比喻。“Water”一文语言浅显、简洁,并在说明solid时使用了比喻的手法:as hard as brick。

4. 时态语态

说明文常用一般现在时。如“Water”一文均使用的是一般现在时。当然,如果说明的是人物、事物过去或将来的情况,则要用过去或将来的有关时态。另外,由于说明文重点放在被说明的人物、事物上,故有些说明文被动语态的使用频率相对比较高。如“Water”一文共12个句子,其中有5个句子使用了被动语态。

【练笔 1】

大学生活即将开始,你将面对新的学习和生活环境,请根据提示写一篇120词左右的短文,谈谈你打算如何安排你的大学生活。内容要点应包括:

1. 确定新的学习目标;

2. 改进学习方法;

3. 学会独立生活;

4. 参加各种课外活动;

5. 处理好与同学的关系。

二、叙述文

【定义】叙述文,即记叙文,是以叙述为主要表达方式,以写人物的经历和事物发展变化为主要内容的一种文体。

【范例】根据下面的提示用英语写一篇日记。

9月4日,星期日,晴,上午你到鞋店买鞋,看到一位外国女士正和女营业员谈论些什么,但营业员听不懂。你走上前去帮助她们。这位外国女士是澳大利亚人,她告诉你她想买双旅游鞋。你把这情况告诉了营业员,这位女士买过后很高兴。她们都很感谢你的帮助。

注意:1. 词数:100左右。短文的格式已经给出,不计入总词数。

2. 参考词汇:女营业员 salesgirl

旅游鞋 traveling shoes

September 4th,Sunday Fine

This morning I went to the shoe shop to buy a pair of new shoes. When I got there,I noticed a foreign lady talking to a salesgirl. But the salesgirl didn’t understand what the foreigner was saying. They both looked worried. I went up to help them. The lady is an Australian. She wanted to buy a pair of traveling shoes. So I told it to the salesgirl. The lady was very glad when she took them. She sang high praise for my spoken English. Both of them expressed their thanks to me. I felt happy that I was able to express myself freely in English.

【剖析】

1. 抓侧重点

叙述文可记人,也可叙事。前者用以介绍人物的身世、经历和事迹。后者用以叙述事情发生、发展的过程、事情发生的前后因果关系等。

写人和叙事并不能截然分开。事是人干的,所以,叙事离不开记人,记人也离不开叙事。但要抓侧重点,如本篇日记是一则侧重叙事的短文,主要叙述的是在鞋店发生的一件事情。如果我们在本日记中加入大量的人物描写,如The lady is an Australian,who is about 40 years old and 1.70 meters tall. She has two big eyes and a big nose. Her hair is very long. 就跑题了。因为,这些描写与该文的主题没有关系。

2. 六个要素

时间、地点、人物、事情、原因和结果构成叙述文的六个要素。一般地说,写一篇叙述文这六个要素缺一不可。如this morning — the shoe shop — I,a foreign lady,a salesgirl — buy a pair of traveling shoes — didn’t understand — she took them就是这则日记的六要素。当然,在有的叙述文中这六个要素也不一定一应俱全。但“书面表达”写作背景材料中所提供的有关要素我们在写作时是一定要表达出来的。

3. 人称选择

叙述文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一人称表达的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人读后感到真实可信,如身临其境。比如本篇日记就是以第一人称的角度来叙事的。用第三人称叙述的优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。

当然,我们在写叙述文时,要根据“书面表达”所给材料及要求确定人称。

4. 叙述顺序

叙述的顺序主要有顺叙和倒叙两种。本日记所采用的是顺叙的方法。但如果我们以Today I did a good deed and I felt very happy. 作为日记的开头,而后再叙述事情的经过,则成为倒叙。顺叙易于让读者弄清事情的来龙去脉,倒叙则给人以悬念,并可以让所叙之事跌宕起伏。无论采取哪种叙述手法,都应以把事情的来龙去脉讲清楚作为首要目的。

5. 直接引语

为表达生动,叙述文在表现人物之间对白时可以采用直接引语的形式,但要适度。如在本日记中The lady is an Australian.后可以加上I said to her,“May I help you?”(Then I knew she wanted to...)一句,表现出“I”是在用英语与那位澳大利亚人对话,恰到好处。但如果将双方大段对话用直接引语的方式表达出来,则使短文变得累赘。

【练笔 2】

根据下面的提示,用英语写一篇100词左右的短文,介绍刘亚茹。要点如下:

1. 刘亚茹,济南一家纺织厂(weaving mill)的女工,在厂工作已14年。

2. 1992年,她失业了,当时她34岁。

3. 刚开始,她呆在家里,既着急,又对找到另一份工作没信心。

4. 一段时间后,她不再怕别人看不起她,到一家茶馆作了一名服务员(waitress),工作干得很好。

5. 现在许多顾客(customer)都愿光顾(call at)她所工作的这家茶馆。

参考答案

【练笔 1】

I will go to college in the near future. After I enter college,I will plan to set new goals in my study and improve my way of learning. In my spare time,I will take part in different kinds of school activities. For example,I will often go to the English corner to practice my spoken English. Besides,I need to get along well with my classmates and teachers at college. What’s more,as I am away from my parents,it is necessary for me to learn to live on my own,such as doing some washing and cleaning by myself. I think I will have a wonderful college life.

【练笔 2】

高三英语作文说明文 篇4

写作内容:请根据以下信息,介绍国外医疗行业出现的一项新技术。内容包括:

技术名称:DNA检测

检测方法:唾液样本分析

检测费用:125英镑

检测时长:4到6周

检测用途:1.预测重大疾病 2.预知食物偏好 3.提示合适的锻炼方式

检测影响:1.增强健康意识 2.易引起过度焦虑

唾液样本:saliva sample

写作要求:只能用5个句子表达全部内容

高分范文:

做粽子的英语说明文精选 篇5

firstly,we must prepare some polished gtutinous rice,which is the major material in making the gtutinous rice.we dip the polished gtutinous rice into water for a while.secondly,we take a bamboo or the reed leave in hands,then put the polished gtutinous rice in it and put some soy sauce in the rice.after that,fold the leave into a cone,and bind it tightly.at last,put the gtutinous rice into a pot with boiled water.when they are cooked,we could eat them.

说明文英语 篇6

B.The;the

C.The;不填

D.A;不填

2、My uncle was poor but liked fashion,so he___ofen dress up as a rich man.A.need

B.would

C.could

D.should

3、Workers build shelters for survivors whose homes___in the earthquake.A.had been destroyed B.had destroyed

C.were being destroyed

D.were destroyed

4、The National Park,___with cherry tree flowers,looks as though it is covered with pink show A.covering

B.covered

C.being covered

D.having covered

5、___at a strange‐looking house,he showed me into a large,bright clean room.A.Arrived

B.Being arrived

C.Arriving

D.To arrive

6、Always keep a first‐aid kit(急救箱)in your home‐just___there is an accident.A.in case

B.so that

C.as though

D.even if

7、___you want to have fun and more than fun,come to Disneyland!A.As

B.If

C.Because

D.Until

8、In 1983,there were only 200 computers___to the Internet.A.to connect

B.connecting

C.connect

D.connected

9、He was forced to leave Iceland because he had an accident,___he got into trouble.A.where

B.that

C.during which

D.for which

10、I still remembered the day___I gave my first lecture in college.A.when

B.that

C.which

D.how

11、I like music.I like to lisen to___music after dinner.A.little

B.a little

C.few

D.a few

12、Every year in September or October,the Mid‐Autumn Festival___by the Chinese people all over the world.A.is celebrated

B.celebrated

C.celebrates

D.was celebrated

13、Millions of people all over China___TV when the spaceship landed safely.A.are watching

B.han watched

C.watch

D.were watching

14、No one knows exactly how the earth___,as it happened so long ago.A.has began

B.begins

C.had began

D.began

15、Paper cuts___show the Chinese character for double happiness are often used to celebrate weddings.A.which

B.who

C.whose

D.when

16、In your inmost heart you must believe that you can succeed___others have failed.A.after

B.because

C.if

D.where

17、She has helped to set up special places___they can live safely.A.which

B.that

C.whom

D.where

18、Of all her films, I like this one___.It’s not worth watching at all.A.most

B.least

C.worst

D.best

19、Auckland is called”the city of sails”because it has___boats than anywhere else in the world.A.more

B.many

C.much

D.most 20、At midnight Susan put her head down on her pillow and went to sleep but I___awake.A.stayed

B.became

C.looked

D.seemed

21、—How long___in Shanghai? —Till I get settled.A.are you staying

B.would you stay

C.had you stayed

D.have you stayed

22、—I am searching for some gloves to go with my new dress.—How about this___? A.loaf

B.group

C.pair

D.pile

23、—I wonder, Mr Adams,___you’d mind us asking a few questions.—Not at all.Go right ahead.A.that

B.why

C.where

D.if

24、Yout IQ tells you how intelligent you are,___your EQ tells you how well you use your intelligence.A.so

B.for

C.while

D.or

25、He made many successful films and TV shows,___he is most famous for his Superman films.A.for

B.or

C.so

D.but

26、Do you want a friend___you could tell everything,like your deepest feelings and thoughts? A.to whom

B.that

C.to which

D.whose

27、Some Western countries have very exciting carnivals(狂欢节),___take place forty days before Easter,usually in February.A.that

B.when

C.which

D.where

28、The twins blamed___for over‐watering the houseplants.A.another

B.each other

C.either

D.the other

29、To lead a happy successful life requires a high EQ‐the higher___.A、the good

B.the better

C.the much

D.the more 30、You may find___astonishing that Charlie was taught to sing as soon as he could speak.A.one

B.this

C.that

D.it

31、Don’t worry,Mr.Hunter.Just___I explained in the e‐mail, your request will be discussed at the meeting tomorrow.A.after

B.as

C.when

D.because

32、The roses in the park___beautiful in June.A.smell

B.feel

C.sound

D.taste

33、John was honored___giving lifesaving first aid on his neighbor.A.of

B.as

C.by

D.for

34、___you choose,you must stand by your decision.A.Whenever

B.whichever

C.however

D.whenever

35、On the workdays,___I hear my alarm clock,I jumpout of my bed.A.as soon as

B.unless

C.as far as

D.although

36、It’s nearly time for class to start.The teacher___be here soon.A.can

B.should

C.shall

D.need

37、China ia famous for many different types of folk dances,___the dragon dance and the lion dance.A.included

B.to include

C.including

D.being included

38、Anne asked Jim___she could borrow a pen from him.A.who

B.what

C.which

D.whether

39、I am very interested in China and it’s my dream___the Great Wall one day.A.seen

B.seeing

C.see

D.to see 40、Maric Logan likes designing solar racingcars.He___five or six different car so far.A.designs

B.will design

C.has designed

D.is designing

41、I had a good time at school and left___some good memories.A.with

B.for

C.from

D.in

42、After graduating,he tried to work hard___he couldmake more money for hia family.A.because

B.in case

C.until

D.so that

43、In those two years,Professor Brooks often had us___some oral presentation in class.A.to do

B.do

C.done

D.did

44、—Excuse me,but could you please tell me the way to the gas station around here? —Sorry.There isn’t___gas station nearby,I’m afraid.A.the

B.不填

C.a

D.one

45、According to the recent report,almost one thousand animals and plants___in the last few years.A.have disappeared

B.disappeared

C.will diasppear

说明文英语 篇7

解读一:培养学生猜测词义的能力

《2014考试说明》语言运用的要求中说到英语单词的含义并非等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思, 其含义随不同的语境会有所不同。学生要能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义, 真正初步具备一定的阅读能力。我分析每一年福建高考英语卷, 发现出题人都在考查学生这方面的能力。比如,

(2013福建高考英语试题C篇) 65.If you buy six 2012 U.S.Mint Silver Eagles by post, you should pay at least____.

A.$230.7 B.$233.7

C.$240.7 D.$243.7

而在文章中的最下方有这段内容:Your cost

学生看到这里, 大多就选了A, 实际上在图片下面有个Note:$10 s/h (shipping and handling) for each purchase。这就需要联系上下文, 明确知道shipping和handling的词义。如果学生看不懂这两个词, 答案无法正确。

(2013福建高考英语试题D篇) ...It would remain the case, of course, that Mrs.Bennet would be one of very few women on the company board, ...—and might even have hobnobbed (攀谈) with influential figures.

如果学生只知道board是“板”, figure是“计算”的意思, 那这段内容会给他们带来干扰。

(2012福建高考英语试题完形填空) “Raddar?”he said, using my childhood nickname (绰号) .I was astonished at being so50addressed (称呼) .

address大家熟悉的意思是地址, 这里却是称呼。

(2010福建高考英语试题完形填空) Ifound the fish45surrounded in a sea of customers.“I’d like to buy some fresh fish, ”I shouted to the fishman.

45.A.farm B.stand C.pondD.market

这题在当年的得分率非常低。因为很少学生了解stand有“摊位”的意思。

(2014厦门高三质量检查阅读理解A 1) ...picking up speed once we hit the main road.

联系上下文, 这里的picking up是“加速”的意思, hit the main road是上了主干道的意思。

(阅读理解E) The linguist, whose work is published in the journal PLOS ONE, said, Once you’re outside of a certain range of familiarity, novel and exotic sounding voices might become more attractive.

这儿, “novel”不是小说的意思, 而是新颖、奇特的意思。

纵观这几年的试卷, 出现了stand, address, board, figure, handle, ship等类似这样的大量的词, 那今年又会出现哪些词, 我们应如何应对呢?

策略一:通过文本学习熟词 (生) 新意、一词多义、激发学生动脑思考, 提高词语猜测能力, 培养思维能力

比如, 1.Many of his friends backed his plan.

2.Mother cans fruit.

3.The UN has done a lot for the cause of world peace.

4.Here is$500;that should cover all your expenses.

5.His name escaped me for the moment.

6.It was in that express way that the traffic accident happened.

7.Are you game to climb the mountain?

8.He has strong grounds for more money.

策略二:锻炼学生的猜词能力

在实际教学中, 我经常直接把单词的意思、用法告诉学生, 很少去培养他们根据语境猜词的能力, 顶多在讲评阅读理解中有遇到猜测词义的题目, 才讲解一下。而在高考中, 这项能力是需要我们在平时的教学中进行训练的, 要不断创造各种语境, 培养学生的猜测能力。

解读二:构词法是扩大词汇量的重要方法

在《附录:语法项目表》中要求学生掌握构词法、合成法、派生法、转化法、缩写和简写。

例如, (2013福建高考英语试题E篇) 72.

According to Alex Goldberg, it is difficult for schools to offer the mentoring due to_____.

A.the lack of support from firms

B.the cultural differences

C.the effect of unemployment

D.the shortage of money

原文提到:

At a time of funding cutbacks where schools are finding it more and more difficult to offer this kind of mentoring, it is extremely important that these opportunities are available both to help youth with their school work and grades and to give them opportunities which may help shape their futures.

这题答案选项 (D) 是the shortage of money, 原文词cutbacks显然是答案中shortage的同义词表达, 而这两个词都是合成词。

(2013福建高考英语试题C篇) 66.The ad strongly encourages people to purchase the silver coins by____.

A.shopping online

B.making a phone call

C.lining up in front of the stores D.writing to the company

Note:$10 s/h (shipping and handling) for each purchase

For fastest service, call toll-free 24 hours a day

66题的原文:For fastest service, call tollfree 24 hours a day.

66题的答案选项 (B) 就是making a phone call, 是原文词call的同义词表达, 而toll-free带来干扰。

(2013福建高考英语试题C篇) Today, you can graduate to the front of that line.Buy now and you can own these brilliant uncirculated Silver Dollars for only$38.95!

64.What is stressed in the ad?

A.The coin is of high quality and worth collecting.

B.The coin can be circulated as a currency.

C.Limited supplies guarantee a stable price of the coin.

D.Demand for the coin is bound to break records.

在B选项中uncirculated是circulated的否定式, 这样, 很快可以排除B选项。

(2013福建高考英语试题B篇) …a technology already available on smartphones and tablets (平板电脑) that overlays information onto the screen about one’s surroundings.

这句话中smartphones和overlays都是合成词。

(2014厦门高三质量检查) Last week’s announcement marks the first time an endangered fish has recovered enough to be delisted.

Delisted词根是list, 前缀de, 后缀ed.如果学生不具备这些基本的构成法, 在阅读理解与完形填空中将举步维艰。

策略:掌握构词法知识, 扩大词汇量

1.掌握合成词, 如stand的合成词:

Four steps to succeed:Stand the loneliness, withstand the temptation, understand how to give up, learn to choose.成功人生四部曲:耐住寂寞, 抵住诱惑, 懂得放弃, 学会选择。

2.了解前缀后缀含义。比如词根pose, 掌握了ex-, im-, dis-, re-, de-, inter-, trans-, pro-的含义, 就可以明白expose, impose, dispose, repose, depose, interpose, transpose, propose。

解读三:词汇要求方面有变化

由《考试说明》解读可知, 词汇表II收入40个词频较高的常用词;词汇总计约3420个; (不含附录后的国家、月份、星期、数词等词汇) ;新增20个词。

2014新增20词:

1.capable (a.) , 2.career (n.) , 3.critical (a.) , 4.curiosity (n.) , 5.detail (n.) , 6.drama (n.) , 7.economy (n.) , 8.efficient (a.) , 9.emotional (a.) , 10.factor (n.) , 11.feature (n.) , 12.highlight (n.&v.) , 13.impact (n.) , 14.investigation (n.) , 15.issue (n&, v.) , 16.release (v.) , 17.resource (n.) , 18.significant (a.) , 19.transfer (n&V.) , 20.vary (v.)

那这些词汇会如何被检测呢?我们来看看2013新增词汇的考法。例如, 2013新增高频词involve, 在2013高考中以单选的形式考出来。

24.Michelle found a job as a high school teacher which____spending quite a lot of time with students.

A.enjoysB.involvesC.practices D.suggests

2013新增高频词opportunity在2013高考中以完形填空的形式考出来:

In 1972 David Smith had such an40.Smith, an adventurer, decided to spend a night41in St.Michael’s Cave as a test of42.In his book HUG THE MONSTER, he tells of hearing43sounds all around him as he lay there in the dark, damp, and deserted cave.

40.A.journeyB.dreamC.accident D.opportunity

2013新增高频词community在短文填词中的体现:

The Old saying starts, “Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day…and distribute them to (80) ______ (社区) center and homeless shelters.

策略:全面掌握这二十个词汇的用法。

Noun

1.[C]an important topic that people are discussing or arguing about

重要议题;争论的问题:

a key/sensitive/controversial issue关键的╱敏感的╱有争议的问题

This is a big issue;we need more time to think about it.这是个重大问题, 我们需要花较多的时间考虑。

Don’t confuse the issue.不要模糊焦点。

2.[C]a problem or worry that somebody has with something (有关某事的) 问题, 担忧:

Money is not an issue.钱不是问题。

If you have any issues, please call this number.?如有问题, 请拨打这个电话号码。

3.[C]one of a regular series of magazines or newspapers一期;期号:

The article appeared in issue 25.该文发表在第25期。

4.[C]a number or set of things that are supplied and made available at the same time一次发行额 (或一套) :

The company is planning a new share issue.公司正计划发行新股。

a special issue of stamps特别发行的一套邮票

Verb[VN]

1.~something (to somebody) to make something known formally宣布;公布;发出:

They issued a joint statement denying the charges.他们发表联合声明否认指控。

The police have issued an appeal for witnesses.警方发出了寻找目击证人的呼吁。

2.[often passive]~something (to somebody) ~somebody with something to give something to somebody, especially officially (正式) 发给, 供给:

to issue passports/visas/tickets发护照╱签证╱票

New members will be issued with a temporary identity card.新成员将配发临时身分卡。

2014厦门市高三质量检查中考查issue的用法:

23.The authorities______an orange warning and urged people to stay indoors due to the smog.

A.commandedB.struckC.cancelled D.issued

解读四:短文填词设题方式有变化

今年增加了词汇和短文填词的长度, 便于为提供考生更多的信息;设题方式也变了, 不是一行一个词;

2014短文填词设题特点:

共10小题, 每小题1分, 本题以一篇约180词的短文为载体, 要求考生根据问题语境和提示, 在短文的空格内填入一个适当的单词, 使短文意思连贯通畅。考查以实词为主, 兼顾其他词类;

首字母和语境提示分别3-4个, 汉语提示2-3个。

策略:多加练习

1.选择一篇180词左右的文本, 根据你想要考查的词汇进行改编.

2.学生完成任务后还可成为一篇很好的文本诵读材料。

如2014厦门一中月考卷, 短文填词:

...Cycling is a safe, clean, healthy, inexpensive way to get around.It not only (77) reduces (减少) traffic congress and pollution, but also (78) contributes to public health.Bikefriendly (79) policies (政策) have also led to the phenomenon.

这篇短文不仅让学生掌握reduces, policies, 而且也可以收获a way to do, contribute to, lead to的用法, 非常值得背诵。

说明文英语 篇8

关键词:考试说明 策略 方法 建议

高考对于一个高三学生来说是非常严肃和神圣的。怎样渡过这个难关?在高考中如何能做到心中有数?我们应该对考试说明进行深入的分析及研究,这样才能有的放矢,在备考中做到稳中求胜。下面让我们具体分析一下英语高考考试说明中的考试形式与试卷结构(以2011年考试大纲为例):

一、命题指导思想

1. 普通高等学校招生全国统一考试是为高等院校招生而进行的选拔性考试。英语科(陕西卷)命题以教育部考试中心颁布的《2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲(英语)》为依据,结合我省实际,力求体现新课程理念,落实《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》。

2. 命题遵循“有助于高校选拔人才,有助于中学实施素质教育”的原则,确保规范、科学、公平和公正。

3. 命题在形式和内容上坚持注重基础、突出能力、稳中有新的原则,有利于推动高中新课程改革,着力考查考生学习外语的潜能。

4. 结合英语学科的特点,在考查考生英语语言知识和技能的同时,侧重考查考生综合运用语言获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力。

5. 试卷应具有较高的信度和效度,适当的难度和较好的区分度。

策略:英语试题重基础知识的掌握和应用,考生备考时要注重英语基础知识的复习和掌握,勿在偏、难、怪题上下太多的功夫。

(1)掌握常用的单词(2011年我省考试说明词汇2950个,较去年增加150个)、短语、句型、语法专项并且会灵活应用;

(2)能读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料,例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。今年的“完形填空”部分的难度将会加大。阅读文章时考生应能:

a. 理解主旨和要义;

b. 理解文中具体信息;

c. 根据上下文推断生词的词义;

d. 做出简单判断和推理;

e. 理解文章的基本结构;

f. 理解作者的意图、观点和态度。

(3)考生还应会准确使用英语语法和词汇,清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。

二、考试形式

考试采用闭卷、笔试形式。考试时间为120分钟,满分150分。

策略:考生应注意考试时间和分值不是一分钟对应一分。所以在时间安排上要根据不同题型的分值注意合理安排。在语音、对话、及单选题上要节省时间,完形和阅读理解要结合精读和泛读,运用skimming & scanning阅读技巧快而准地选择出正确选项。要给书面表达留足构思及书写时间。

三、试卷结构

试卷由选择题和非选择题两部分组成。选择题包括第一部分和第二部分;非选择题为第三部分。

第一部分:英语知识运用

本部分共四节,测试考生对英语语音、词汇、语法基础知识以及功能意念和话题项目的掌握情况。

第一节:共5小题,每小题1分,共5分。每题给出一个关于语音的题干,要求考生从所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。

第二节:共5小题,每小题1分,共5分。在一段150词左右的对话中留出5个空白,要求考生从所给的7个选项中选出最佳选项,使补足后的对话意思通顺,前后连贯。

第三节:共15小题,每小题1分,共15分。每题在一句或两句话中留出空白,要求考生从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。

第四节:共20小题,每小题1.5分,共30分。在一篇200~250词的短文中留出20个空白,要求考生从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项,使补足后的短文意思通顺,前后连贯,结构完整。

本部分所需时间约为30分钟。

第二部分:阅读理解

本部分共两节,测试考生阅读理解书面英语的能力。

第一节:共15小题,每小题2分,共30分。要求考生根据所提供短文的内容(不少于900词),从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。

第二节:共5小题,每小题2分,共10分。在一段约400词的短文中留出5个空白,要求考生从所给的6个选项中选出能概括每一段主题的最佳选项。

本部分所需时间约为40分钟。

第三部分:写作

本部分共三节,测试考生准确使用英语词汇、语法及书面表达手段的能力。

第一节:共10题,每小题1分,共10分。每题在一句话中留出一处空白,要求考生根据括号内的汉语提示,写出正确的单词。

第二节:满分15分。本题给出一篇约100个单词的短文,文中有10处错误,错误类型包括词法、句法、行文逻辑等。要求考生对每个句子进行判断,如有错则将其改正。

第三节:满分30分。要求考生根据所给情景,用英语写一篇不少于100词的短文。情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等;提供情景的形式有图画、图表、提纲等。

本部分所需时间约为50分钟。

2011年高考试卷题目数、计分和时间安排如下:

策略:

(一)研究了以上试题结构高考题型及考点可以归纳以下:

(二)根据以上题型及考点考生应如何备考,具体请看以下方法:

语音题:今年考纲中较2010年语音知识题型有所变化。语音知识考查回到了2006-2009年陕西高考语音题考查单词画线部分读音方面。今年的题目要求是:每题给出一个关于语音的题干,要求考生从所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。

1. 考点:掌握20个元音(单元音——短元音、长元音;双元音)及28个辅音(清辅音;浊辅音)的发音。熟悉字母及字母组合的发音规则。注意5个元音字母(a,e,i,o,u)和字母组合(ea,ee,er,ex,or,ou,ir,oo,au,ow,our,ear,air)的发音,还有辅音字母(s,z,c,g,n)及字母组合(th,gh,ch,tch,sh,ck,tion,sion)发音。更要注意有些字母或字母组合在单词中不发音。最好的方法是在复习时总结规律,掌握正确语音发音规律并养成多动嘴的习惯。在练习题中总结常见单词中字母及字母组合的易错发音,勤动手,多查词典,总结易错音及特殊发音。

2. 方法:

a. 读出每个单词;

b. 标出划线字母及字母组合的发音;

c. 找出与所给单词划线字母及字母组合发音相同的一项。

情景对话:

1.考点:对话多以中学生常见的话题为主,考查学生语言交际能力。

2.方法:

a. 先看选项(7个);b. 根据对话上下文,问找答,答找问;c. 将已选选项划掉,减少眼睛移动,节省时间。

单项选择:单项选择题是能明显体现语法的题型。高考英语并没有淡化语法,而是把语法融在语境中考查。完形填空,单词拼写,短文改错,书面表达等没有一处不涉及到语法。所以掌握语法基础知识非常重要。要多记,多背,多辨析。同时还要注重短语及句型的积累。尤其是动词短语或短语动词的识记、辨析。还要积累交际用语句型,体会不同民族的文化特征。分析题目语言环境,确保用于和谐一致。摒弃汉语思维习惯,考虑用语文化内涵。

1.考点:语法基础知识和词汇,涉及情景对话、动词词组及各类语法专项,包括名词、冠词、数词、代词、介词、连词、形容词&副词、动词&动词短语、动词时态&语态、情态动词、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、简单句、复合句——状语从句,定语从句,名词性从句(主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句)、主谓一致、特殊句式(倒装,省略,替代,插入,强调)和交际用语。

2.方法:

a. 看选项锁定语法专项;

b. 读题判断选项,排除错误及干扰选项,确定正确选项。

完形填空:

1. 考点:选文将继续围绕励志主题,文章体裁涉及记叙文、说明文、议论文、夹叙夹议文。多以夹叙夹议式的记叙文为主。考查词汇在语篇中的运用;重点考查(短语)动词、名词、形容词和副词的辨异;兼顾介词短语、连接词的运用;根据上下文逻辑,甚至通篇逻辑进行判断的语篇题增加;语境题目出现时,还要对跨文化差异进行考查。

2.方法:

先完意,再完形。

a. 依据文章首句,判断主旨大意;

b. 根据文章大意,把握上下文的关系;

c. 根据文章语境,进行词义辨析;

d. 体会文章色彩,注意语言的和谐;

e. 把握文章脉络,进行推理判断。

“完形填空”题是高考的难点,是对学生的识词能力、逻辑思维、阅读理解能力等方面进行的综合考查。因此要进行集中训练,每天做两到三篇,强化完形填空练习。做完后要对照答案,分析自己在做题中的不足,然后有针对性地练习并提高。

阅读理解:

1.考点:文章体裁以丰富多彩为原则,选材集中于英文原版书刊报纸;重视语言文化背景考查;词汇量加大,文章篇幅可能会由历年的350词增加到400词,长句较多;推断题增加;要求提高阅读速度。

2.阅读理解题型设计种类:

a. 细节题:有关文中某一句话;

b. 主旨题:best title; main idea;

c. 划线释义题:划线词附近,同义、反义、句意暗示;

d. 推理题:infer, learn from, refer, imply;

e. 推断题:next paragraph, not true, true;

f. 排序题:put… in order;

g. 计算题;

h. 看图题;

i. 问文章结构的题:把握全文脉络,以及句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系;

j. 问作者意图,观点和态度的题:领会作者言外之意。

3.方法:

a. 先读题,扫选项,划关键词,推断文章大意;

b. 读文章,仔细分析,找答案。

阅读理解在高考试卷中所占比重很大,占40分,在后期的训练中要选择不同体裁、题材的文章进行专门训练,特别是加强较薄弱的判断和推理类试题的练习,每天阅读四、五篇。平时多读一些最新的科普、时事文章及原汁原味的英文报刊杂志,以拓宽自己的知识面,增加阅读量。还可以从报纸上选一些具有时代气息的文章,比如世界园艺博览会,富二代等,以便加强“阅读理解”训练。

任务型阅读:

方法:

a. 先在选项(6选5)猜测文章大意,同时划出选项中关键词;

b. 再在每段文字中找出中心词与选项靠拢,然后匹配;

c. 已确定选项可划掉,避免眼睛多次浏览选项,节省时间。

单词拼写:考生要以《大纲》中2950个单词为主线,进行单词的整合复习。在这2950个单词中,3/4的词汇用于阅读,学生只需掌握其汉语意思即可。而其中的500个单词,是高考高频词语,绝大部分是动词,需深挖细究,弄清用法。

方法:

a. 根据汉语意思,初步锁定单词,同时思考其词性及用法;

b. 读题判断所缺单词词性、词义、用法;

c. 正确写出单词,拼写尽量清楚、清晰,易于辨认。

短文改错:

1.改错种类:名词单复数、动词时态、形容词&副词转换,形容词性物主代词与宾格转换,介词、冠词、非谓语动词、连词——转折、递进、因果,人称是否一致,从句连接词。

2.方法:

a. 读文章,从句子中找出“错”、“多”、“少”的错误;

b. 改正错误,注意格式;

c. 共10处错误,从第11处起不计分;每句话最多两处错误。

书面表达:

近几年我省高考英语作文都是半开放式作文,话题贴近学生的生活,要求考生根据情境写一篇不少于100词的短文。作文中要注意书写并正确使用基本短语及句式,避免语法错误导致丢分。对于基础好的同学来说,一些简单错误会造成阅卷者对你的基本功产生怀疑。对于基础中等偏下的同学,可背诵一些不同题材的范文,熟练应用一些高级句型可吸引阅卷者的眼球。同时,书写工整、干净、整洁也是必不可少的。

1. 文章体裁:一般为记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文(书信,电子邮件,日记,推荐信,演讲稿,倡议书),近年来多以应用文书信形式为主。

2. 文章类型:提纲类,图表类,图画类。

3. 方法: 审题——构思——列提纲(列举短语、句型、观点)——草稿——誊稿(抄写)。

4. 注意:

a. 作文一定要有足够的时间构思及书写,千万不能提笔就写;b. 书写工整、干净、整洁。

三、了解了考试形式和试卷结构,熟悉了各个题型的应答方法,最后给考生在备考时提一些具体的建议:

1. 适当归纳:归纳一些重点语法项目,尤其是易错点和易混点。

2. 大量做题:进入高考攻坚阶段,不要过多研究语法,应大量做题,以近五年的高考题为主,并及时的辨析、总结和归纳。

3. 随时记:随身带一个小本,随时记错题、优美句子、语言知识等。

4. 天天背:要背诵六大类型的高考范文,30个以上的优美句子、30多个连接词语。

5. 反复看:对于自己记的笔记和已做过的练习题,尤其是错题要反复地查看、浏览、复习。这样可以对自己的薄弱点不断地复习,增强记忆力。

因此,在英语高考备考中,只要我们了解了高考命题的特点,并夯实基础、强化读写、注重方法,勤于实践,就一定能在高考中取得好成绩。

参考文献

1. 普通高等学校招生全国统一考试陕西卷(数学 英语)考试说明(课程标准实验版2011) [S]. 陕西:西北大学出版社,2011.

2. 优化方案(2011高三专题复习攻略) [M]. 山东:现代教育出版社,2010.

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