奥巴马开学演讲稿

奥巴马开学演讲稿（推荐8篇）

奥巴马开学演讲稿 篇1

奥巴马开学演讲演讲稿：Now, I’ve given a lot of speeches about education。And I’ve talked about responsibility a lot。I’ve talked about teachers’ responsibility for inspiring students and pushing you to learn。I’ve talked about your parents’ responsibility for making sure you stay on track, and you get your homework done, and don’t spend every waking hour in front of the TV or with the Xbox。I’ve talked a lot about your government’s responsibility for setting high standards, and supporting teachers and principals，and turning around schools that aren’t working, where students aren’t getting the opportunities that they deserve。

But at the end of the day, we can have the most dedicated teachers, the most supportive parents, the best schools in the world--and none of it will make a difference, none of it will matter unless all of you fulfill your responsibilities, unless you show up to those schools, unless you pay attention to those teachers, unless you listen to your parents and grandparents and other adults and put in the hard work it takes to succeed。That’s what I want to focus on today: the responsibility each of you has for your education。

I want to start with the responsibility you have to yourself。Every single one of you has something that you’re good at。Every single one of you has something to offer。And you have a responsibility to yourself to discover what

that is。That’s the opportunity an education can provide。Maybe you could be a great writer--maybe even good enough to write a book or articles in a newspaper--but you might not know it until you write that English paper--that English class paper that’s assigned to you。

Maybe you could be an innovator or an inventor--maybe even good enough to come up with the next iPhone or the new medicine or vaccine--but you might not know it until you do your project for your science class。Maybe you could be a mayor or a senator or a Supreme Court justice--but you might not know that until you join student government or the debate team。And no matter what you want to do with your life, I guarantee that you’ll need an education to do it。You want to be a doctor, or a teacher, or a police officer? You want to be a nurse or an architect, a lawyer or a member of our military?

You’re going to need a good education for every single one of those careers。

You cannot drop out of school and just drop into a good job。You’ve got to train for it and work for it and learn for it。And this isn’t just important for your own life and your own future。What you make of your education will decide nothing less than the future of this country。The future of America depends on you。What you’re learning in school today will determine whether we as a nation can meet our greatest challenges in the future。You’ll need the knowledge and problem-solving skills you learn in science and math to cure diseases like cancer and AIDS, and to develop new energy technologies and protect our environment。

奥巴马开学演讲稿 篇2

关键词：《奥巴马开学第一天演讲》,词汇衔接,重复,同义词/近义词

一、引言

词汇是构成语篇的基本单位, 而语篇的构成并不只是单词的简单组合, 它包括词汇的选择、组织和聚合。从这个意义上说, 词汇衔接对于实现语篇连贯起着基础而关键的作用。作为语篇衔接的一个重要衔接手段, 词汇衔接通过使用一些相互之间存在意义关联的词语, 建立贯穿语篇的语义链条, 从而保证语篇的整体性和连贯性。本文旨在依据衔接理论, 探讨美国总统《奥巴马开学第一天演讲》词中的词汇衔接手段, 以及对语篇连贯构建的意义。

二、词汇衔接

Halliday与Hasan合著的《英语的衔接》 (1976) 将“衔接”定义为“语篇中某个语项的解释需要依赖 (或参照) 其中的另一语项”。他们把衔接分为五类:指称、替代、省略、连接和词汇衔接。前四种也叫语法衔接, 靠语法手段实现, 词汇衔接则通过词汇的选择来实现。他们认为词汇衔接指语篇中出现的一部分词汇相互之间在语义上的联系, 把词汇衔接分为词汇复现和搭配, 词汇复现包括同一个项目的重复、同义词或近义词、上下义词和概括词等。

词汇衔接后来为广大话语分析研究者重视, 被认为是语篇衔接的最重要手段之一。Halliday&Hasan (1976) 曾统计过词汇衔接手段在各类语篇文体中占所有衔接手段的48%, 是一种重要的衔接手段, 在语篇的连贯中起了不可忽视的作用。Hoey (1991) 认为, 词汇衔接是衔接中最突出、最重要的形式, 占篇章衔接纽带的40%左右, 词汇关系是唯一有系统地构成多重关系的衔接方式, 词汇衔接是创造篇章织体的主要手段。可见, 对语篇连贯的研究很大程度上是对语篇中词汇衔接模式的研究。本文拟从重复、同义词或近义词、上义词、泛指词、反义词和搭配6个方面对语篇《奥巴马开学第一天演讲》中的词汇衔接进行分析。

三、《奥巴马开学第一天演讲》的词汇衔接分析

(一) 词汇衔接手段使用情况的总分析

根据以上统计数据可知, 整个演讲中使用得最多的衔接手段是重复, 而奥巴马演讲的主要目的是以自己的亲身经历, 鼓励学生不畏逆境, 发奋学习。I know, responsibility, You’ll need, work hard, maybe等关键词的重复出现起到了很好的衔接语篇、连贯、突出重点的作用。其次, 近义词/同义词使用得也很多, 避免了语篇的单调呆板, 增强了演讲的效应。此外, 运用较多的衔接手段还有上下义关系和词汇的搭配, 反义词和概括词运用较少, 但以不同的形式为文章增色。几种衔接手段在语篇中交织在一起, 形成一个网络, 起到了连贯语篇、深化主题的作用, 使奥巴马的演讲达到了其预期效果。

(二) 词汇衔接手段使用情况的具体分析

1. 重复 (repetition)

词汇衔接中最直接的方式是具有同样语义、同一形式的词汇在语篇中的反复出现。重复主要指语篇中单词和词组的重复, 词汇重复的使用可以使语篇连贯, 给读者留下深刻的印象, 从而达到突出主题的目的。重复的衔接方式在演讲中使用的频率很高, 因为这种衔接方式既使文章在结构上显得十分紧凑、缜密, 又使演说在节奏上听起来铿锵有力, 势如破竹, 更具感染力和震撼力。

(1) I’ve talked about responsibility a lot.I’ve talked about teachers’responsibility for...I’ve talked about your parents’responsibility for...I’ve talked a lot about your government’s responsibility for...

例 (1) 中, “I’ve talked about”重复了4次, “responsibility”也重复了4次, 突出主题, 加深听者的印象, 说明责任的重要性。

(2) Don’t be afraid to ask questions.Don’t be afraid to ask for help when you need it.

例 (2) 中, “Don’t be afraid to ask”重复了2次, 奥巴马以亲身经历循循善诱鼓励学生大胆求助。

(3) It’s the story of students who sat where you sit 250years ago, ...Students who sat where you sit 75 years ago...Students who sat where you sit 20 years ago...

例 (3) 中共有3个句子, “students who sat where you sit...years ago”重复了3次, 为结构重复, 追忆了先驱者们奋力拼搏的辉煌成就, 警示学生效仿先辈, 努力学习, 整个语篇的语义环环相扣, 十分流畅。

2. 同义词/近义词 (synonym)

同义性或近义性指具有同样意义或相近意义的不同词汇之间的接应关系, 不管这个词是指人、物、过程或性质。如例4中的chances和opportunity, 以及例5中的decide和determine, 这些词因表达相同或类似的逻辑概念而结合在同一篇章中, 避免了单调乏味, 在语义上相互补充, 既能起篇章纽带作用, 又能丰富文章表现力, 为文章生色。

(4) I got a lot of second chances, and I had the opportunity...

(5) What you make of your education will decide nothing...What you’re learning in school today will determine...

3. 上义词 (hyponomy)

上义词是相对于下义词而言的。上义词的含义一般概括而抽象, 下义词则表示比较具体的含义。上下义词通过词义上的包含关系, 在语篇中起到连接作用。而且在某些情况下, 语篇衔接中上下义词比重复显得更自然、更流畅。

(6) But at the end of the day, the circumstances of your life———what you look like, where you come from, how much money you have, what you’ve got going on at home...

在例6中, circumstances在这一特定语境中可看作上义词, 而“what you look like”、“where you come from”、“how much money you have”和“what you’ve got going on at home”则为四个下义词, 表示circumstances的具体含义。上义词和下义词的使用使文章叙述更有条理性, 类属关系分明, 文脉清晰。

4. 泛指词 (general word)

词语重复如使用过多会给人以词汇贫乏、苍白无力之感。此时, 除使用人称代词和指示代词外, 可使用“泛指词”, 即在语篇中遇到有关人、物、事情或地点时, 可用一些泛指上述概念的词语替代, 如例7中的truth和例8中的story。

(7) The truth is, being successful is hard.

(8) My wife, our First Lady Michelle Obama, she has a similar story.

5. 反义词 (antonym)

反义词的功能是在两个词项之间可以期待一种意义有区别的对比关系。反义词的运用不但能有效地衔接语篇, 而且能帮助人们从正反两方面分析问题, 思路非常清晰。如在例9中, 奥巴马使用fail和succeed激励学生不要因一时的失败而气馁, 坚持不懈, 成功随后而来。例10中, 奥巴马用了weakness和strength这对反义词意在说明求助的重要性, 收到了很好的对比效果。

(9) I have failed over and over and over again in my life.And that’s why I succeed.

(10) Asking for help isn’t a sign of weakness, it’s a sign of strength...

6. 搭配 (collocation)

许多词项倾向于在同一语境中出现, 具有语篇衔接力, 这样的衔接叫做搭配性衔接 (Halliday, 1976, 2001:284) 。在围绕某一话题展开的语篇中, 与这一话题相关的词汇往往倾向于经常在一起使用, 共现在同一语境中。这些语篇词汇由于语义上的联系, 必然具有某种联句成篇的衔接力, 实现语篇连贯功能。比如奥巴马在提到education一词时, 又联想到classrooms, books, equipment, computers;而在讲到教师的responsibility时又强调教师的责任是inspiring students和pushing you to learn。这些语义上有联系的词汇都可以起到衔接语篇的作用。

(11) ...you have the educatio...fix up your classroomsand get you the books and the equipment and the computers you need to learn.

(12) I’ve talked about teachers’responsibility for inspiring students and pushing you to learn.

四、结语

通过对奥巴马开学第一天演讲的词汇衔接分析可知, 词汇衔接如同一种词汇纽带, 在构建语篇主题以及促进语篇连贯方面占有主要地位, 尤其是词汇衔接手段中的重复、同近义词这两种手段更起着举足轻重的作用。分析和研究这篇演讲的词汇衔接手法有利于培养篇章意识和篇章分析能力, 而且有助于增加词汇量, 增进对单词在特定语境中的理解。

参考文献

[1]Halliday, M.A.K.Hasan, R.Cohesion in English[M].London:Longman, 1976.

[2]Hoey, M.Patterns of Lexis in Text[M].Oxford:Ox-ford University Press, 1991.

[3]胡壮麟.语篇的衔接与连贯[M].上海外语教育出版社, 1994.

[4]朱永生, 郑立信, 苗兴伟.英汉语篇衔接手段对比研究[M].上海外语教育出版社, 2001.

[5]范琪.词汇衔接与语篇连贯初探[J].教育教学论坛, 2010, (22) .

奥巴马开学演讲广受争议等 篇3

奥巴马开学演讲广受争议

美国总统奥巴马9月8日向全美的学生发表演讲,鼓励学生努力学习,不要辍学。这个演讲遭到许多美国保守派人士的批评。

奥巴马在弗吉尼亚州阿灵顿郡韦克菲尔德高中开学典礼的演讲上,呼吁学生要对自己的教育负责,不要让逆境和失败阻挡前程。

保守派人士指责政府超越了管理学校事务的权限,并指责奥巴马试图向学生灌输他的施政策略。一些学校决定不播放总统的演讲,一些家长告诉他们的孩子要抵制这个演讲。抗议者在总统讲话的学校外聚集示威。白宫则表示,奥巴马只是想激励学生。

美国的新学年在争议声中开始了。这些争议的焦点围绕着奥巴马的此次讲话。一些家长发起了抵制总统演讲的行动,这表现出美国政治上的巨大分歧。

(美国之音网站 2009年9月8日)

美国高校酝酿虚拟革命

网络教育或将取代传统大学

美国2009年上大学的学生,可能成为传统意义上上大学的最后一代,互联网带来的信息共享,将打破传统观念上的大学概念。美国将彻底改革本科教育。

美国的社区大学和营利性教育机构开办网络课堂。远程教育技术的发展正在改变学生获得文凭的方式。一些重点大学开始在网上提供基础教学课程,今后网络教学将逐渐被人们所接受。

网络教育不仅意味着学习方式的改变,学术研究资金供给、高校文化和教师任期制度都将受到冲击。

网络教育使课堂和大学不再连为一体。网络教育课程主要按学分计算,而不是像传统教育那样要求学生到教室上课。但是,要让雇主接受网络文凭,尚需要观念上的转变。

(美国《华盛顿邮报》2009年9月13日)

英国学生贷款延期发放大学推迟缴费期限

英国负责新生贷款业务的学生贷款公司表示,工作人员仍在处理8月份递交的学生贷款申请表格,2009年的学生贷款将延期发放。

为了让学生安心读书,牛津布鲁克斯大学表示,学生们可以在资金暂时不到位的情况下先行注册,并允许新生暂缓缴纳大学住宿费。

(英国广播公司2009年9月15日)

英国职业文凭认同率不如预期

建筑施工职业文凭课程是英国政府首批推出的职业课程之一。目前英格兰仅有1.2万名学生就读职业文凭课程。

英国政府希望让职业文凭课程成为教育系统中的一项核心学历,并与A-level和GCSE考试具有同样效力。新增的职业文凭课程包括环境科学、美容美发、制造加工、酒店管理和金融学。英国政府希望学生人数能够从1.2万名增至4万名。

目前,英国职业文凭课程共设有10类专业课程。但英国高校对这一学历信任度并不高。埃克塞特大学的一项调查显示,如果学生仅有职业文凭,申请到大学深造的成功率并不高。

英国19所被访高校表示对这些职业文凭的信任度不高,在录取持职业文凭的学生时会采取谨慎态度。

(英国广播公司 2009年9月2日)

申请美国名校课外活动要求高

申请美国大学需要三样材料,GPA、SAT成绩和课外活动表现。课外活动表现和考试成绩在申请美国名校时同样重要。

申请一流大学的学生,GPA达4.0或SAT考到2 000分以上的学生大有人在。校方很难单就成绩作取舍时,课外活动表现就成为重要依据。因此越好的学校,对课外活动表现的要求就越高。

好的课外活动必须具备独特性和关联性,学生尽量选择独一无二或重复性不高的课外活动,且最好与想申请的专业相关。

(美国《世界日报》2009年8月31日)

英国辅导老师帮倒忙学生成绩反下降

英国政府为了帮助一些“后进”学生,实行辅导老师制度,为这些学生聘请辅导老师。但是最近做的一项调查结果显示,这些老师似乎帮了倒忙。

英国伦敦大学教育学院通过对英国153所学校进行调查后发现,那些得到辅导老师帮助的学生取得的进步,还不如那些没有得到帮助的学生。

调研人员于2005-2006年度进行了首次调查,重点调查了2万名辅导老师和8 000名被辅导的学生,调查结果让他们大吃一惊。为了再次求证,调研人员在2007-2008年度进行的第二次调查结果与上次相同。

调查组领导人彼得·布莱奇福德称,学生成绩下降不应责怪辅导老师,这是因为安排和管理辅导老师的方式所导致。主要原因是,辅导老师对学生的辅导偏离教学大纲。

奥巴马开学演讲稿 篇4

And I am here.(Applause.)And I am thrilled to be here.I am just so excited.I’ve heard such great things about what all of you are doing, both the students and the teachers and the staff here.Today is about welcoming all of you, and all of America’s students, back to school, even though I know you’ve been in school for a little bit now.And I can’t think of a better place to do it than at Masterman.(Applause.)Because you are one of the best schools in Philadelphia.You are a leader in helping students succeed in the classroom.Just last week, you were recognized by a National Blue Ribbon--as a National Blue Ribbon School because of your record of achievement.And that is a testament to everybody here –-to the students, to the parents, to the teachers, to the school leaders.It’s an example of excellence that I hope communities across America can embrace.Over the past few weeks, Michelle and I have been getting Sasha and Malia ready for school.And they’re excited about it.I’ll bet they had the same feelings that you do--you’re a little sad to see the summer go, but you’re also excited about the possibilities of a new year.The possibilities of building new friendships and strengthening old ones, of joining a school club, or trying out for a team.The possibilities of growing into a better student and a better person and making not just your family proud but making yourself proud.But I know some of you may also be a little nervous about starting a new school year.Maybe you’re making the jump from elementary to middle school, or from middle school to high school, and you’re worried about what that’s going to be like.Maybe you’re starting a new school.You’re not sure how you’ll like it, trying to figure out how you’re going to fit in.Or maybe you’re a senior, and you’re anxious about the whole college process;about where to apply and whether you can afford to go to college.And beyond all those concerns, I know a lot of you are also feeling the strain of some difficult times.You know what’s going on in the news and you also know what’s going on in some of your own families.You’ve read about the war in Afghanistan.You hear about the recession that we’ve been through.And sometimes maybe you’re seeing the worries in your parents’ faces or sense it in their voice.So a lot of you as a consequence, because we’re going through a tough time a country, are having to act a lot older than you are.You got to be strong for your family while your brother or sister is serving overseas, or you’ve got to look after younger siblings while your mom is working that second shift.Or maybe some of you who are little bit older, you’re taking on a part-time job while your dad’s out of work.And that’s a lot to handle.It’s more than you should have to handle.And it may make you wonder at times what your own future will look like, whether you’re going to be able to succeed in school, whether you should maybe set your sights a little lower, scale back your dreams.But I came to Masterman to tell all of you what I think you’re hearing from your principal and your superintendent, and from your parents and your teachers: Nobody gets to write your destiny but you.Your future is in your hands.Your life is what you make of it.And nothing--absolutely nothing--is beyond your reach, so long as you’re willing to dream big, so long as you’re willing to work hard.So long as you’re willing to stay focused on your education, there is not a single thing that any of you cannot accomplish, not a single thing.I believe that.And that last part is absolutely essential, that part about really working hard in school, because an education has never been more important than it is today.I’m sure there are going to be times in the months ahead when you’re staying up late doing your homework or cramming for a test, or you’re dragging yourself out of bed on a rainy morning and you’re thinking, oh, boy, I wish maybe it was a snow day.(Laughter.)

But let me tell you, what you’re doing is worth it.There is nothing more important than what you’re doing right now.Nothing is going to have as great an impact on your success in life as your education, how you’re doing in school.More and more, the kinds of opportunities that are open to you are going to be determined by how far you go in school.The farther you go in school, the farther you’re going to go in life.And at a time when other countries are competing with us like never before, when students around the world in Beijing, China, or Bangalore, India, are working harder than ever, and doing better than ever, your success in school is not just going to determine your success, it’s going to determine America’s success in the 21st century.So you’ve got an obligation to yourselves, and America has an obligation to you, to make sure you’re getting the best education possible.And making sure you get that kind of education is going to take all of us working hard and all of us working hand in hand.It takes all of us in government--from the governor to the mayor to the superintendent to the President--all of us doing our part to prepare our students, all of them, for success in the classroom and in college and in a career.It’s going to take an outstanding principal, like Principal Neff, and outstanding teachers like the ones you have here at Masterman--teachers who are going above and beyond the call of duty for their students.And it’s going to take parents who are committed to your education.Now, that’s what we have to do for you.That’s our responsibility.That’s our job.But you’ve got a job, too.You’ve got to show up to school on time.You’ve got to pay attention in your class.You’ve got to do your homework.You’ve got to study for exams.You’ve got to stay out of trouble.You’ve got to instill a sense of excellence in everything that you do.That kind of discipline, that kind of drive, that kind of hard work, is absolutely essential for success.And I can speak from experience here because unlike Kelly, I can’t say I always had this discipline.See, I can tell she was always disciplined.I wasn’t always disciplined.I wasn’t always the best student when I was younger.I made my share of mistakes.I still remember a conversation I had with my mother in high school.I was kind of a goof-off.And I was about the age of some of the folks here.And my grades were slipping.I hadn’t started my college applications.I was acting, as my mother put it, sort of casual about my future.I was doing good enough.I was smart enough that I could kind of get by.But I wasn’t really applying myself.And so I suspect this is a conversation that will sound familiar to some students and some parents here today.She decided to sit me down and said I had to change my attitude.My attitude was what I imagine every teenager’s attitude is when your parents have a conversation with you like that.I was like, you know, I don’t need to hear all this.I’m doing okay, I’m not flunking out.So I started to say that, and she just cut me right off.She said, you can’t just sit around waiting for luck to see you through.She said, you can get into any school you want in the country if you just put in a little bit of effort.She gave me a hard look and she said, you remember what that’s like? Effort?(Laughter.)Some of you have had that conversation.(Laughter.)And it was pretty jolting hearing my mother say that.But eventually her words had the intended effect, because I got serious about my studies.And I started to make an effort in everything that I did.And I began to see my grades and my prospects improve.And I know that if hard work could make the difference for me, then it can make a difference for all of you.And I know that there may be some people who are skeptical about that.Sometimes you may wonder if some people just aren’t better at certain things.You know, well, I’m not good at math or I’m just not really interested in my science classes.And it is true that we each have our own gifts, we each have our own talents that we have to discover and nurture.Not everybody is going to catch on in certain subjects as easily as others.But just because you’re not the best at something today doesn’t mean you can’t be tomorrow.Even if you don’t think of yourself as a math person or a science person, you can still excel in those subjects if you’re willing to make the effort.And you may find out you have talents you never dreamed of.Because one of the things I’ve discovered is excelling--whether it’s in school or in life--isn’t mainly about being smarter than everybody else.That’s not really the secret to success.It’s about working harder than everybody else.So don’t avoid new challenges--seek them out, step out of your comfort zone, don’t be afraid to ask for help.Your teachers and family are there to guide you.They want to know if you’re not catching on to something because they know that if you keep on working at it, you’re going to catch on.Don’t feel discouraged;don’t give up if you don’t succeed at something the first time.Try again, and learn from your mistakes.Don’t feel threatened if your friends are doing well;be proud of them, and see what lessons you can draw from what they’re doing right.Now, I’m sort of preaching to the choir here because I know that’s the kind of culture of excellence that you promote at Masterman.But I’m not just speaking to all of you, I’m speaking to kids all across the country.And I want them to all here that same message: That’s the kind of excellence we’ve got to promote in all of America’s schools.That’s one of the reasons why I’m announcing our second Commencement Challenge.Some of you may have heard of this.If your school is the winner, if you show us how teachers and students and parents are all working together to prepare your kids and your school for college and a career, if you show us how you’re giving back to your community and your country, then I will congratulate you in person by speaking at your commencement.Last year I was in Michigan at Kalamazoo and had just a wonderful time.Although I got to admit, their graduating class was about 700 kids and my hands were really sore at the end of it because I was shaking all of them.(Laughter.)But the truth is, an education is about more than getting into a good college.It’s about more than getting a good job when you graduate.It’s about giving each and every one of us the chance to fulfill our promise, and to be the best version of ourselves we can be.And part of that means treating others the way we want to be treated--with kindness and respect.So that’s something else that I want to communicate to students not just here at Masterman but all across the country.Sometimes kids can be mean to other kids.Let’s face it.We don’t always treat each other with respect and kindness.That’s true for adults as well, by the way.And sometimes that’s especially true in middle school or high school, because being a teenager isn’t easy.It’s a time when you’re wrestling with a lot of things.When I was in my teens, I was wrestling with all sorts of questions about who I was.I had a white mother and a black father, and my father wasn’t around;he had left when I was two.And so there were all kinds of issues that I was dealing with.Some of you may be working through your own questions right now and coming to terms with what makes you different.And I know that figuring out all of that can be even more difficult when you’ve got bullies in a class who try to use those differences to pick on you or poke fun at you, to make you feel bad about yourself.And in some places, the problem is even more serious.There are neighborhoods in my hometown of Chicago, and there are neighborhoods right here in Philadelphia where kids are doing each other serious harm.So, what I want to say to every kid, every young person--what I want all of you--if you take away one thing from my speech, I want you to take away the notion that life is precious, and part of what makes it so wonderful is its diversity, that all of us are different.And we shouldn’t be embarrassed by the things that make us different.We should be proud of them, because it’s the thing that makes us different that makes us who we are, that makes us unique.And the strength and character of this country has always come from our ability to recognize--no matter who we are, no matter where we come from, no matter what we look like, no matter what abilities we have--to recognize ourselves in each other.I was reminded of that idea the other day when I read a letter from Tamerria Robinson.She’s a 12-year-old girl in Georgia.And she told me about how hard she works and about all the community service she does with her brother.And she wrote, “I try to achieve my dreams and help others do the same.”

“That,” she said, “is how the world should work.”

奥巴马开学演讲观后感 篇5

无论你将来想从事什么样的职业，都要透过教育才能实现自我的梦想。以前，我想当一名消防队员，就争取听到更多的消防讲座，了解更多的消防知识。记得有一次校本课程教育中讲到消防，我整节课眼睛都不眨一下，并认真做好笔记，以便将来能够成为一名优秀的消防队员。之后，我想当一名军人，所以中央七台军事频道便加入到了我的喜爱频道之中，为我的军事知识带给了教育途径。前段时光日本侵犯我国领土钓鱼岛，我每一天密切关注新闻，了解最新动态，虽然此刻我能做的十分少，但是，少年强则国强，我会努力学习，期盼有朝一日能尽我所能，保卫祖国!

有些山区里的孩子没有教室，没有桌椅，没有教材，甚至没有老师，但是他们仍然渴望读书;有些贫困的孩子没有书包，没有文具，没有课本，甚至没有入学资格，但是他们依然期盼上学。此刻政府给我们带给了良好的读书环境，所以我们务必珍惜此刻有的一切，没有什么是我们不好好读书的借口。我将多阅读、勤写作，学好语文;我将仔细计算、多做习题，学好数学;我将天天朗读，日日背诵，学好英语;我将认真听课，学好其他一切课程。

没有哪一个人是生下来就什么都会的，只有努力，才能培养出技能。就像我打篮球，刚开始的时候，我不会运球，不会传球，篮也投不准，甚至连基本规则都不明白，经常犯规，有时还会遭到队友的埋怨。此刻，经过一段时光的艰苦训练，我不仅仅了解了比赛规则，投篮命中率增高，而且还熟练地掌握了三步上篮的技巧。对于学业也是一样，我们或许要反复运算才能解出一道数学题的正确答案，我们或许需要读一段文字好几遍才能理解它的意思，我们或许得把作文改上好几次才能贴合提交的标准。这都是很正常的。所以，我要尽最大的努力，向着自我的目标前进。

奥巴马开学演讲观后感作文 篇6

今天观看了奥巴马在美国跟全国学生一起上开学第一课的演讲，受益匪浅。

美国乃一强国，居于世界霸主地位，但是他们任然把教育放在首位，重视教育之程度，中国是无法比拟的。今天就奥巴马的演讲谈一谈中国中学生对如何做一个学生的看法。

首先，是责任。梁启超《少年中国说》中的一段话：“今日之责任，不在他人，而全在我少年。少年智则国智，少年富则国富，少年强则国强，少年独立则国独立，少年自由则国自由，少年进步则国进步，少年胜于欧洲则国胜于欧洲，少年雄于地球则国雄于地球。”可见，少年，学生，之于一个国家之命运是何等重要。我们享受着国家政策给予的权利，但如何履行权利回报国家是中国少年必须思考的一个问题。保证国家发展是我们的责任，保证社会和谐是我们的责任，保证家庭和睦是我们的责任，保证学校不以我们为耻是我们的责任，保证教师热爱他们的岗位是我们的责任。所以，少年之责任，关系着个人，家庭，社会，国家。由此看来，作为学生，责任感，尤其重要。

其次，是勤奋。华罗庚说过：“勤能补拙是良训，一分辛苦一分才。”奥巴马因为勤奋，能够摆脱穷困的生活，成为美国历史上伟大的总统之一，他得到的不仅是美国人的尊敬，更是世界的欣赏。因为勤奋，他成功了。他的妻子，美国的第一夫人，因为勤奋，她进入了美国最好的学校。因为勤奋，她也成功了。命运掌握在自己手中，唯有内心底里要求上进，并付之以不懈努力，即勤奋，才能摆脱命运的不公，自己书写自己的人生，获得成功。

然后，是目标。如果说勤奋是个过程，是方法，那么这过程的归宿则是一个人的目标。为自己树立一个远大的目标会成为自己不懈努力之动力的的来源。作为学生，十几年如一日的枯燥学习生活会令人不经意间懒惰，迷茫甚至气馁，堕落。这些阻碍成功的因素唯一的天敌就是目标。一个学生的目标，必须正确向上，能够引起心灵的共鸣，从而在痛苦中快乐前行。

最重要的，是坚持。俗话说：“坚持就是胜利。”成功的道路不可能是坦途，它必定遍布荆棘，而我们要做的就是不断克服，不断超越。如果，在一次次困难中被打败，在挫折前退缩了，犹豫了，那就会离成功越来越远。所以，贵在坚持。作为青少年学生，我们有着无穷的精力与活力。我们不怕失败但怕气馁，不怕困难但怕放弃，不怕挫折但怕退缩。所以，在枯燥的学习生活中，谁能坚持到底谁就是最后的赢家，谁就能获得最终的胜利!

作为学生，我们还应该树立正确的观念，要明白，成功绝不可能一蹴而就，经历过失败才能获得经验，做出改变，从而调整自己，我相信只有经历过失败的人才能真正获得成功。

当然，身体才是革命的本钱，只有又来一个好的身体，才能以全部精力投入学习!

奥巴马就职演讲的词汇衔接研究 篇7

韩礼德与哈桑于1976年在《英语的衔接》中正式提出衔接理论, 指出衔接是语篇中一个成分和对解释它起作用的其他成分之间的语义联系。并将衔接手段分为五类, 照应、替代、省略、连接及词汇衔接。多种衔接手段共同作用, 将语篇连接为一个整体。

而历届美国总统通过其就职演说, 一方面表明自己的政见和立场, 另一方面, 带动听众情绪, 引导教育人民。为了取得良好效果, 演说稿常字字斟酌, 力求字字珠玑, 以打动人心。因此就职演说词常逻辑缜密, 语言生动, 结构流畅。本文主要借鉴韩礼德和哈桑衔接理论中词汇衔接手段, 以奥巴马就职演讲为例, 探析词汇衔接手段在英汉互译中的运用。

二、词汇衔接的手段

词汇衔接指篇章中的词汇之间存在着语义上的联系。根据韩礼德和哈桑的衔接理论, 英语语篇中词汇衔接关系分为两大类:复现关系和同现关系。

1. 复现

词汇的复现关系并不仅仅指词汇在句中的重复, 还指某一个词以其同义词、近义词、上下义词、概括词的形式重复出现在语篇中。从而实现语义上的衔接, 连句成篇。例:

Our journey is not complete until our wives…

Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters…

Our journey is not complete until no citizen is…

Our journey is not complete until we find a better way to…

Our journey is not complete until all our children…

奥巴马重复使用our journey is not…until…这一句型, 使语篇结构紧凑, 节奏明快, 具有号召力。同时也强调了自己的责任, 达到了突出主题、增强感染力的效果。

“But we are also heirs to those who won the peace and not just the war, who turned sworn enemies into the surest of friends”

译文:但我们也是那些赢得和平而不只是战争的人们的后代, 他们将仇敌转变成最可靠的朋友。

该句中peace和war;enemies和friends相对, 使所在的句子上下衔接, 告知听众“我们的祖先”是为了和平而战争, 他们拥有将敌人转变为朋友的能力, 两者对比, 增强了语言的表现力, 给听众留下深刻印象。

2. 同现

同现关系指在语篇中, 各个词项在语义上相互搭配, 构成语篇。例:

“We must harness new ideas and technology to remake our government, revamp our tax code, reform our schools, and empower our citizens with the skills they need to work harder”

译文:我们必须应用新理念和新技术重塑我们的政府, 改进我们的税法, 改革我们的学校, 让我们的公民拥有他们所需要的技能, 更加努力地工作, 学更多的知识, 向更高处发展。

词语之间的搭配可以联系语意, 衔接语篇, 给人一气呵成的感觉。使用remake, revamp, reform, empower几个动词, 通过变换动词搭配, 能消除疲劳感, 带动听众。汉语译文中也运用了相应不同的动词, 语句间衔接自然生动。

3. 词汇衔接手段小结

我们对上述两类词汇衔接手段的使用情况进行了一个统计, 得出下表:

结论

本次研究发现:就总统就职演讲稿而言, 英汉两种语言所使用的词汇衔接手段大体相同。但英语重“形合”, 强调形式和功能;汉语重“意合”, 强调意义和功能, 因此英汉语篇在各种衔接手段上的使用频率仍存在着差异。这一差异在词汇重复上尤为明显。英语语篇中不会经常重复使用某一词汇, 而是常用同义词、近义词等衔接手段。而汉语语篇常重复使用原词, 以加强语气, 帮助读者理解文章。

认识到英汉语篇衔接中不同特点, 将有助于我们提高英语翻译及写作能力。但由于篇幅和作者能力所限, 本研究尚有不足之处, 尚待更深入研究。

参考文献

[1]Halliday.M.A.K.&Hasan:Cohesion in English[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2001.

[2]Hoey.M.Patterns of Lexis in Text[M].London:Oxford University Press, 1991.

[3]胡壮麟.语篇的衔接与连贯[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1994.

奥巴马就职演讲文稿词汇特征分析 篇8

关键词：奥巴马就职演讲   词汇特征   分析

总统就职演讲是一种具有代表性的公众演讲形式，每一位总统都要在自己的就职演说中宣布施政纲领和预期目标，以及说服公众支持并接受自己的观点，所以总统演讲在目的、对象、内容等方面具有书面语和口语的特点，极具号召力和感染力。

本文选取奥巴马在2009年和2013年的两篇就职演讲文稿为研究对象，从词长和词汇密度方面着手，对演讲稿进行了对比分析，总结出英语公众演讲的特点，以帮助学生更好地理解公众演讲这一文体，提高学生的英语学习能力和综合表达能力。

一、研究方法

本文的研究语料是2009年和2013年奥巴马的就职演讲文稿，它们分别有2286字和614字。通过利用语料库文本分析工具Wordsmith 6.0，笔者分析了这两篇演讲文稿的词长和词汇密度，以帮助学生更好地掌握公众演讲的特点。

二、研究结论与讨论

1.词长分析

据统计显示，2009年奥巴马就职演讲文稿的单词平均词长（4.44）小于2013年奥巴马就职演讲文稿单词平均词长（4.66）。平均词长是指语料库中单词所包含字母的平均数，平均词长越长，说明文本中使用的长词越多，阅读难度相对越大。因此，2009年奥巴马就职演讲文稿与2013年奥巴马就职演讲文稿相比，词汇相对简易，文本更加浅显易懂。

在英语中6个字母以上的词，通常被称为大词，使用大词可以使演讲显得庄严、正式，相应地也增加了词汇难度，所以大词频繁使用于公众演讲中，而较少出现在其他文体中。如图1，在这两篇就职演讲文稿中，2009年奥巴马演讲文稿中大词的使用率小于2013年演讲文稿，这说明奥巴马在2013年的就职演讲中更多地使用了大词，从而相对地增加了读者和听众阅读演讲稿的难度。

2.词汇密度分析

在语料库语言学中，类符/形符比通常被用来衡量文本中的词汇密度，词汇密度反映的是句中实词所占的比例。在句中，实词传递着大部分信息，所以如果一句话的词汇密度越大，则句中的实词越多，句子负荷的信息量也越大;反之，信息量就越少。所以说，在语篇中的词汇密度越大，其承载的信息量就越大。如表1所示：

表1 两篇演讲稿词汇密度对比

形符（个） 类符（个） 形符/类符比（%）

2009年 2286 889 37.27

2013年 614 309 50.41

尽管2009年奥巴马就职演讲文稿中的字数较多，但是通过对比2009年和2013年就职演讲文稿的形符/类符比，我们可以发现2013年奥巴马就职演讲文稿的词汇密度大于2009年奥巴马就职演讲文稿词汇密度，这就进一步说明2013年奥巴马就职演讲文稿的信息量较大，理解难度相对较高。

三、结语

本文从演讲稿文本词汇难度的角度出发，通过分析2009年和2013年的奥巴马总统就职演说文稿，发现2009年就职演讲的总文稿相对浅显易读，更加注重听众的感受以及他们的反应。因此，公众演讲作为一种独特的文体，虽然具有书面语和口语的特征，但口语特征更加明显。了解英语公众演讲的特点，有助于学生更好地学习英语，提高他们英语实际运用能力和综合素质。

参考文献：

[1]熊莉.宗教与美国总统的就职演说[J].湖北民族学院学报，2006，（24）.

[2]陈建生，高博.基于语料库的《诗经》两个英译本的译者风格考察———以“国风”为例[J].天津外国语大学学报，2011，（4）.

[3]王佐良.英语文体学引论[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1987.

[4]王华，甄凤超.透过主题词和关键主题词管窥中国学习者英语口语交际能力中的词语知识[J].外语界，2007，（1）.