西安介绍英文（共8篇）
Huaqing Pool is situated about 35 kilometres east of the city of Xi’an. Historically, the Western Zhou dynasty saw the construction of the Li Palace on the spot. In the Qin dynasty a pool was built with stones, and was given the name Lishan Tang (the Lishan Hot Spring). The site was extended into a palace in the Han dynasty, and renamed the Li Palace (the Resort Palace). In the Tang dynasty, Li Shimin (Emperor Tai Zong) ordered to construct the Hot Spring Palace, and Emperor Xuan Zong had a walled palace built around Lishan Mountain in the year of 747. It was known as the Huaqing Palace. It also had the name Huaqing Pool on account of its location on the hot springs.
Huaqing Pool is located at the foot of the Lishan Mountain, a branch range of the Qinling Ranges, and stands 1,256 metres high. It is covered with pines and cypresses, looking very much like a like a dark green galloping horse from a long distance. So it has the name of the Lishan Mountain (Li means a black horse).
The Tang dynasty Emperor Xuan Zong and his favourite lady, Yang Gui Fei used to make their home at Frost Drifting Hall in winter days. When winter came, snowflakes were floating in the air, and everything in sight was white. However, they came into thaw immediately in front of the hall. It owed a great deal to the luke warm vapour rising out of the hot spring. This is the Frost Drifting Hall that greets us today.
1 奈达的功能对等理论
现代翻译理论之父——美国当代著名翻译理论家奈达, 在《翻译理论与实践》一书中明确给出了“动态对等”的定义:Dynamic equivalence is therefore to be defined in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language!"[1].
奈达功能对等理论认为, 翻译应当充分考虑三个因素:作为整体的接受语和文化、特定的语言环境及目的语的受众。考虑到这三点因素, 奈达认为在翻译过程中, 必须追求译文的效果, 强调译文读者对译文的反应要基本上与原文读者对原文的反应一致, 并把这一点作为评价译文好坏的标准。因此, 译者应着眼于原文的意义和精神, 而不拘泥于原文的语言结构, 这就是奈达一直所提倡的“内容第一, 形式第二”[2]。与此同时, 奈达认为为了尽可能使译文读者与原文读者所得到的感受相同, 译者应充分考虑译文读者的文化背景、理解和欣赏需要, 使其获得与源语读者相同的对于原文本的理解和感受。
2 基于功能对等理论的西安景点介绍翻译方法
对等理论中所提出的“内容第一, 形式第二”, “对等的读者反应”, “文化对等”等翻译原则, 下文将具体讨论基于功能对等理论的西安景点介绍翻译方法。
2.1 改写法
考虑到中英两种语言巨大的表达差异, 在进行翻译的过程中必须对原文内容或形式进行重新组织和调整, 从而使译文符合读者的接受需求。而改写法正是出于这一目的, 按照英语表达的需求对源语内容中的词汇和句式结构进行调整的一种翻译方法。
例如:
原文:作为秦始皇死后服侍他的皇家卫队, 兵马俑制作于2, 000多年前。大约七千个与真人同样大小的兵马俑由黏土铸造而成, 并被染上了绚丽的颜色。他们配备了真正的战车和青铜制成的武器, 是完成统一大业的秦始皇军事实力的见证。
译文:Created over 2, 000 years ago as an imperial bodyguard to serve the emperor in his after, the terracotta army of some seven thousand life-size soldiers and horses sculpted in clay, painted in brilliant colors, and equipped with real chariots and bronze weap-ons, bears witness to the military might of China’s unifier, the First Emperor of Qin Dynasty.
此例中的汉语原文包括三个句子, 内容包括了兵马俑的功能、数量、制作材料和制作年代。译文在结构上按照英语表达习惯做出了较大调整, 以上所有关于兵马俑的细节信息仅作为修饰语出现在译文当中, 原文的所有信息被改写成了一个句子。而无疑, 此种表达方法更易于外国游客接受, 并掌握此景点介绍所包括的重点信息。
2.2 类比法
英语翻译中的类比法是比较中国与英语国家类似的历史人物、事件、故事等, 并用后者取代前者, 以帮助外国游客更好地了解中华文化的特定内容。例如:
原文:大慈恩寺创建于公元648 年。唐高宗李治当太子时, 因生母文德皇后早逝, 为补报慈母大恩, 修建此寺, 故名大慈恩寺。据传高宗当年每日早晚从含元殿遥望慈恩寺礼拜。 (Yao Baorong, 2004)
译文:Situated in Da Ci’en Temple (the Temple of Thanksgiving) , the Big Wild Goose Pagoda is one of the famous Buddhist pagodas in China.
Da Ci’en Temple was built in 648 AD under the order of Emperor Li Zhi (the third emperor of the Tang Dynasty) , then still the crown prince, in memory of his mother, Empress Wende. The emperor was said to pay homage to the temple twice a day (in the morning and at dusk) by looking in its direction from the Hanyuan Palace[3].
在对大慈恩寺的简绍翻译中, 译者将大慈恩寺译为了“Da Ci’en Temple”, 随后又补充增加了解释“the Temple of Thanksgiving”, 外国游客对于感恩节这一节日及其由来非常熟悉, 此处就是类比法的一个完美应用, 国外游客将对这座寺庙的由来产生初步的认识, 在读完随后的译文内容后, 相信游客会对大慈恩寺的历史以及名称中所蕴含的意义——中国孝道, 有一个更深入的了解。
2.3 增译法
中、西文化差异包括的范围很广, 如生活方式、思维方式等, 无不在语言中有所反映[4]。增译法又名“增益法”, 有时又称“增词法”, 指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式, 在翻译时遵循一定的规则, 增添一些词、短语或句子。针对景点介绍的翻译, 增译法的具体运用就是为了使外国游客更好地理解某些字、词、名, 从而增加一些相关资料, 对旅游资料中的一些人名, 地名, 朝代, 历史事件以及典故等做出背景资料的增加和说明。例如:
原文:大殿雄伟壮丽, 门额上悬挂有“人文初祖”四字大匾。大殿中间有富丽堂皇的皇帝牌位。黄帝陵现被公布为全国重点文物保护单位。 ( 黄帝陵)
译文:Above the door of the magnificent main hall is a large horizontal board with a four-character inscription:“Ren Wen Chu Zu” ( Founder of the Human Civilization) . Inside the hall is a gorgeous shrine for the Yellow Emperor. The Mausoleum of Yellow Emperor is now a national monument.
在此例中, 原文并未解释“人文初祖”为何意, 因为中国人对此中所含的文化意义和黄帝在中国历史中的地位并不陌生, 但对于外国游客来说这就是一个较为抽象的概念了, 如进行直译“Ren Wen Chu Zu”, 其中含义还是根本无法为外国游客所理解, 但如译为“Founder of the Human Civilization”, 此表达中的文化含义就可以充分的为游客们理解。通过对文化信息进行补充解释, 对于传递博大精深的中华文化是不无裨益的。
2.4 省译法
这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法, 即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词, 以避免译文累赘[5]。增译法的例句反之即可。在旅游景点介绍中, 有些内容是中国传统文化特有的产物, 若逐字逐句翻译, 对理解原文没有任何帮助, 甚至外国游客根本看不懂, 这时就应该适当的删改。例如:
原文:东峰顶生满巨桧乔木, 浓荫蔽日, 环境非常清幽。游人自松林间穿行, 上有绿荫, 如伞如盖, 耳畔阵阵松涛, 如吟如咏, 顿觉心旷神怡, 超然物外。 (华山)
译文:Many huge and juniper trees cover the eastern peak, providing ample shade and a very harmonious environment. The sound of wind in pines is like the rhythm of playing bamboo strings. You can imagine how wonderful it is.
在此例中, 原文包含有较多符合中国审美习惯和表达的四字词汇, 但以简介和精炼为特点的英语很明显并不需要将这些内容进行一一翻译, 在译文中, 作者为达到较好的翻译效果, 符合外国游客的阅读习惯, 在翻译过程中将这些繁冗的语言表达进行了适当的删略。
3 结束语
景点介绍的翻译对吸引外国游客和宣传独特、富有魅力的中华文化起着重要的作用。因此译者应借助于功能翻译理论, 选择有效的翻译方法, 把景点介绍的内容得体准确的展现给读者, 让他们最大化的获取景点信息, 为西安景点和中华文化所倾倒, 实现中华文化的世界性传播。
参考文献
[1]Nida Eugene A.The theory and Practice of translation[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
[2]张美芳, 王克非.译有所为——功能翻译理论阐述[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2005.
[3]姚宝荣, 梁根顺, 魏周.陕西英语导游[M].陕西:旅游教育出版社, 2004.
[4]刑怡.提高旅游翻译质量, 准确传播中国文化[J].山东商业职业技术学院学报, 2003.
在学习、工作或生活中，大家都接触过作文吧，作文是人们以书面形式表情达意的言语活动。你知道作文怎样才能写的好吗？下面是小编为大家整理的介绍西安作文5篇，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。
介绍西安作文 篇1暑假的第5天，我去了西北地区的绿色明珠——西安植物园，西安植物园里有3000多种绿色植物，就说“伊拉克蜜枣树”吧，它高大约20米，直径约3米，像一个高大的巨人耸立在那里，这是我见过的最高最大的树，再说“含羞草”吧，你只要轻轻的一碰，叶子就会缩在一起，像一个害羞的小姑娘。
怎么样，你也来植物园看看吧，不过要仔细观察哦！
介绍西安作文 篇2今天，我和爸爸、妈妈一起上了西安城墙。
哇，城墙真宽呀，它几乎有15米宽。
走呀，走呀。我看见了一座座宏伟的城楼，城墙上还放着几辆大战车呢。
走呀，走呀。突然，烈日当空，火辣辣的太阳可把我和爸爸妈妈热坏了。
“淇淇，把衣服脱了，鞋子也脱了。“
“是。那你也脱了，爸爸。”
于是，我和爸爸穿着大裤头，光着脚丫子，走在烫乎乎的城墙上。几个非洲黑人阿姨看见了，还冲我们笑了呢。
介绍西安作文 篇3西安樊记腊汁肉历史悠久。相传，唐朝时期，长安城东有位姓樊的官宦人家，为人正直。那年陕南遭受水灾，不少人逃至长安。樊家开仓放粮，救济难民。一天，樊老爷拜朝回府，行至东门外，看见一个衣衫褴褛的小伙跪在一尸体旁放声痛哭。经打问，才知他随母逃难至此，不幸母亲身亡，无法安葬。樊老爷十分同情，命家人帮助安葬了老母，并赠银百两，让其谋生。
十年后，小伙经营腊汁肉发了大财。为报樊府之恩，借樊老爷80寿辰之机，用百株花椒树木料，做成棺木。再从10头生猪身上剔下500斤精肉，烹制成上等腊汁肉放进棺内，密封后送进樊府。樊老爷寿辰吉日，客人甚多，对棺木没有在意。由家人抬入后院柴房，一放就是几年。
后来，樊老爷冒犯了朝廷，被削职为民，满腹怨恨，一病离开了人世。没过几年，家产也变卖一空，樊家生活日趋艰难。这时，家人禀告老夫人，柴房内有一棺木，可变卖度日。不料几个人去抬棺木却抬不动。樊夫人有些诧异，命人打开察看。原来是满满一棺木腊汁肉。香气四溢，色泽鲜嫩。她让家人拿一些上街去卖，一时便卖完了。吃到的赞不绝口，没吃到的.感到遗憾。这消息不胫而走，登门买肉的越来越多。樊家就在门口开了户门面，生意非常兴隆。眼看棺木中的腊汁肉即将卖完，生活又将没有着落。樊夫人出了个主意：买些鲜肉，用棺木中的肉汁(汤)煮成新的腊汁肉，仍然保持着原味。樊家便长期开起了腊汁肉铺，名气也越来越大。
肉夹馍之用肉亦有三种，纯瘦，肥瘦，肥皮。卖家只需看你点名要哪一种，就知道你吃肉夹馍的历史和道行。一般的年轻人，以女子居多，喜欢吃纯瘦;有些个食馍年头的，要肥瘦，这东西要肥瘦均匀才香;骨灰级食客，是要吃肥皮的，顾名思义，就是肉皮和它下面的少许脂肪，肥而不腻，胶糯香滑，是腊汁肉中的精品。
肉夹馍遍及西安大街小巷。咬一口外皮松脆，其内绵软的白吉馍。满嘴香醇可口的腊汁肉和白吉馍的诱人味道，不由你不唾液横生，真是人生一小快乐。
在学习、工作、生活中，大家都经常接触到作文吧，借助作文人们可以反映客观事物、表达思想感情、传递知识信息。为了让您在写作文时更加简单方便，以下是小编精心整理的介绍西安作文10篇，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
介绍西安作文 篇1今天又是晴朗一天。一早我就匆匆的起床了因为今天爸妈要带我去游世博园，我真兴奋那！
8点半我们准时到达了世博园，那里已经是人山人海了，进园的队伍排成了一条龙。我们耐心的等候着。走过了多“弓”型的走廊我们来到了安检口，安检人员拿着高新仪器对我们检测了一番然后我们进入了世博园。只见世博园内高高低低、大大小小的建筑到处都是，那些都是各个国家的会馆。还有很多直饮水，售货亭的站点。我想这么多的馆我一天肯定看不完。于是我和爸妈商议着我想看的展馆。我们首先来到了埃及馆，因为埃及的那些古法老传说总吸引着我，所以我第一就选择了它。排队等候了三小时，我终于进入了会馆。会馆不大里面的东西也不多我有点失望，不过馆里的那个纯金打造的面具还是给我留下了一点印象。接着我们来到了中国馆，可惜没有拿到预约券我们不能进入只能去观看了中国馆下的城市馆，在那里我看到了我们中国很多城市美丽的建筑和文化，让我认识到我们国家的山水是多么博大和美丽啊！
我想着等我长大以后一定要去我国的各个地方走走看看。
介绍西安作文 篇2人们都说，来到西安不去看兵马俑，就等于没有去西安，我也一样，来到西安，一定要去看看世界八大奇迹之一的兵马俑。
今天一大早，我和妈妈乘车去看兵马俑。到了兵马俑参观馆，我和妈妈请了一位导游，带领我们去参观这世界的奇迹。首先，我们来到了一号坑，它是至今考古学家发掘出秦始皇最大的一块墓地，导游阿姨告诉我们，虽然是发掘最大的，但只占了秦始皇墓的一小块。我听了很震惊，心想：这位皇帝怎么为自己修了这么大的一座墓呢？来到大厅，我看到了一排排整整齐齐的陶俑武士，它们一个个有真人大小，穿着战袍，脚踏战靴，仿佛就像活人在操练一样。导游阿姨告诉我们，别看它们都是陶俑，一个个最少也有一米七六，最高可达一米九六，体重三百多斤呢。听导游阿姨说，这些陶俑在挖出来的时候，脸都是粉红色的，战袍是红色的，上面还描着鲜红的红缨，因为那时技术不够先进，这些颜色一两天就氧化了，成为青黑色。而且这些兵马俑千人千面，每个人的表情都不一样的。我一听，仔细地一看，真的呀！这些陶俑果然每个人脸上的表情都不一样，有喜，有乐，用唯妙唯俏来形容真不为过。再看兵马俑头上发丝都一缕缕刻出，真是栩栩如生，活灵活现。真是不看不知道，一看吓一跳啊！我接着参观了二号坑，三号坑，那里的场景让人感到强烈的震撼，仿佛又回到了战火连天的战国时期，只见秦王一声令下，统一华夏的壮观景象。
走出博物馆，我的心情久久不能平静，我为能生长在这个有着灿烂古文化的国家而无比自豪。
介绍西安作文 篇3暑假的第5天，我去了西北地区的绿色明珠——西安植物园，西安植物园里有3000多种绿色植物，就说“伊拉克蜜枣树”吧，它高大约20米，直径约3米，像一个高大的巨人耸立在那里，这是我见过的最高最大的树，再说“含羞草”吧，你只要轻轻的一碰，叶子就会缩在一起，像一个害羞的小姑娘。
怎么样，你也来植物园看看吧，不过要仔细观察哦！
介绍西安作文 篇4肉夹馍是陕西传统的小吃，有着悠久的历史，是人们到西安必吃的一种美食。
“肉夹馍”这个名字很容易让人产生误解。我第一次到西安听说要吃“肉夹馍”时，脑海里马上勾勒出一幅奇怪的画面：一块肉从中间剖开，里面夹着一片馍片。当我看到它的真实面目时，不禁脱口而出：“这明明就是饼加肉嘛!”妈妈在一旁给我解释到：“肉夹馍，其实是‘肉夹于馍’。贫民百姓文绉绉地讲之乎者也不方便，再加上陕西人性急，直爽，省去了‘于’字，便有了这个朗朗上口的称呼。另外，陕西的馍含义也和其它地方有些差异，主要是指各种饼，比如咱们吃的羊肉泡馍，泡得也是饼。”原来小小的名字可以包涵这么多的知识呀!
“肉夹馍”实际是两种陕西本地食物的绝妙组合，即把腊汁肉夹于白吉馍之中。两种食物混为一体，好像是一对经验丰富的搭当，互为烘托，把各自滋味发挥到了极致。白吉馍表皮焦香酥脆，内瓤雪白绵软，馍的外型大眼一看，就像一个汉朝的瓦当。腊汁肉更是鲜嫩多汁，在排队等候的时间就可以闻到一阵阵的诱人的香味，让你忍不住咽口水。嚼在嘴里时，汁水从肉里呲出来，让你的口中充满了卤汁的香味。配一起，这满口留香的肉夹馍，馍香肉酥，真是回味无穷。
我喜欢肉加馍，不仅是因为它的美味，更是因为它有故乡的味道，我希望肉夹馍这个传统美食会一直流传下去，让来自世界各地的游客踏着西安青石板的古街一边品味着这种简单的美味，一边了解西安深厚的文化底蕴。点评：小作者把肉夹馍这种传统美食不但写出了诱人的味道，更是写出了历史的厚重，实在另人敬佩!
介绍西安作文 篇5暑假里，我们去了古老而神奇的城市——西安，领略了这座千年古都不同特色的美景与美食。
著名的回民一条街，不管白天还是晚上，人流川流不息，各地汇集来的人们都来这里各种各样的美食，有嚼劲的羊肉或牛肉泡馍，香香的肉夹馍，酸酸甜甜的酸梅汤……还有一种独特的食物，叫biangbiang面，也叫裤带面，面条不但长而且很宽，足有一寸宽，跟我们平常吃的面条完全不一样，一碗面只有3根，味道超级好，我很喜欢吃，回家前还买了几包带回来。西安美食数不胜数，好多还上过湖南卫视《天天向上》节目呢。
不过西安之最可并不是这些美食哦，而是闻名天下的秦始皇陵中的兵马俑，兵马俑号称世界第八大奇迹，是中国的艺术瑰宝。
穿过人山人海，我们到达兵马俑第一展厅，一眼望去就看见两个用大理石做的擎天柱，柱子的顶端还有一圈黄金，让人惊叹不已；再往里走，两辆皇上坐的马车映入眼帘，马车做工精细、色彩斑斓，让人赞叹不已，那时的技艺水平已经是这么高超；再往里走，就是最壮观的陪葬坑啦。一进门，所有的兵马俑尽收眼底，此时的场景极其壮观，一列列兵马俑整齐地展现列队站着，远看都是一样的，近看其实各不相同，有的眼望前方，好像在侦察敌情，有的低着头，好像在思考战略，有的精神抖擞，时刻准备着……陪葬坑十分得大，有不计其数的兵马俑有些已经被挖掘出来，有些还在地下，等待着修复。兵马俑们还有一个秘密，他们其实是彩色的，因为氧化才变成了土黄色，色彩虽然褪去，但依然是壮观一景。
西安，一个漂亮而又古老的城市，真是不虚此行！
介绍西安作文 篇6华文化的代表。西安有宏伟壮观的秦始皇兵马俑，矗立着钟楼。
人们常说“北京看墙头。在大家眼中，有风景秀丽的翠华山。最早在一千四百多年前，就好像回到了几千年前的战场上，一个令人神往，已是一个现代化城市，是一个温暖的家说起西安，它是国家重点保护文化建筑，周武王姬发灭商后就将首都建立在了今天的西安，一个国际旅游大都市，西安看坟头”，大家都并不陌生，也是西安的标志性建筑，不仅仅是文化古城，因为我们就生活在这里，有阿房宫遗址·大明宫遗址，西安是一个家，中华文明的发祥地。而在我眼中，桂林看山头。从西安看坟头中可以看出现有许多王陵古迹·文化遗址。
西安，西安不仅仅是一个家。，还有因杨贵妃闻名的.华清池……令我印象最深的还是秦始皇兵马俑，各种大型百货公司·大厦·酒店，还是我眼中的国际旅游大都市，一匹匹战马英姿飒爽，开元商场·百盛。在各个展馆坑内，是有着悠久文化的文明古城，永远欢迎您的到来，坑里的将军佣·武士俑英勇魁梧，就是各种各样的现代化建筑——西安最大的商场，所到之处无不体现出现代化繁荣都市的气息，耳畔回荡着士兵们操练的呐喊和凯旋之音…。
西安，不管是士兵还是战马都整装待发。西安是历史上建都时间最长·建都朝代最多·影响力最大的都城。在这样一个古色古香的建筑周围，是中华民族的摇篮。
西安。站在台上向坑里望去，一个将古文化特色与现代化魅力结合起来的都市。在西安的城墙环绕着的是中心内，令人着迷的城市。
介绍西安作文 篇7秦始皇兵马俑博物馆位于秦始皇帝陵以东1.5公里处，建筑在秦兵马俑坑的原址之上。是世界最大的地下军事博物馆。
秦始皇陵兵马俑坑是秦始皇陵的陪葬坑。据史书记载：秦始皇嬴政从13岁即位时就开始营建陵园。陵园由丞相李斯主持规划设计，大将章邯监工，修筑时间长达38年。工程之浩大、气魄之宏伟，开创历代封建统治者奢侈厚葬之先例。
秦始皇兵马俑陪葬坑坐西向东，三坑呈品字形排列。最早发现的是一号俑坑，呈长方形，四面有斜坡门道，左右两侧又各有一个兵马俑坑，现称二号坑和三号坑。俑坑布局合理，结构奇特，在深5米左右的坑底，每隔3米架起一道东西向的承重墙，兵马俑排列在墙间空档的过洞中。
1974年春，在秦始皇陵坟丘东侧1.5公里处，当地农民打井，无意中挖出一个陶制武士头。后经国家有组织的发掘，终于发现了使全世界都为之震惊的秦始皇陵兵马俑。
秦兵马俑以其巨大的规模，威武的场面，和高超的科学、艺术水平，使观众们惊叹不已。秦始皇兵马俑博物院也成为西安的标志之一。
目前为止发现了三个坑。一号坑，为东西向的长方形坑，长230米，宽62米，四周各有五个门道。坑东西两端有长廊，南北两侧各有一边廊，中间为九条东西向过洞，过洞之间以夯土墙间隔。这个坑以车兵为主体，车、步兵成矩形联合编队。军阵主体面向东，在南、北、西边廊中各有一排武士面向外，担任护翼和后卫;东面三排武士为先锋。九个过洞内排列着战车与步兵的庞大主体军阵，每个过洞内有四列武士，有的穿战袍，有的着铠甲，中间配有战车，每辆战车后有驭手一名，车士两名。
介绍西安作文 篇8路过那家牛肉拉面馆，一闻到那熟悉的香味，你便不由自主地闻香下马。这香味会把你拉进面馆，点一份香气十足的肉夹馍。那肉夹馍有一点汉堡的影子，俗称中国式汉堡。它的模样有点像河蚌一样分为上下两块，中间夹着厚厚的馅。
路过那家牛肉拉面馆，一闻到那熟悉的香味，你便不由自主地“闻香下马”这香味会把你拉进面馆，点一份香气十足的肉夹馍。
那肉夹馍有一点汉堡的影子，俗称“中国式汉堡”它的模样有点像河蚌一样分为上下两块，中间夹着厚厚的馅别看这“中国式汉堡“样子没有正宗汉堡好看，但味道绝对不亚于正宗汉堡把两边夹的面饼打开，会发现里面馅有很多肉，还有洋葱等料很足，咬下一口，会感觉到口齿留香，皮脆脆的，馅香香的，就想着再来一口，不知不觉中，一个肉夹馍就吃完了。
听完我的介绍，你是不是也觉得肉夹馍很好吃啊?
介绍西安作文 篇9大雁塔又名大慈恩寺塔，位于中国陕西省西安市南郊大慈恩寺内。因坐落在慈恩寺西院内，大雁塔原称慈恩寺西院浮屠(浮屠即塔的意思)，是中国唐朝佛教建筑艺术杰作。
大雁塔是楼阁式砖塔，塔通高64.5米，塔身为七层，塔体呈方形锥体，由仿木结构形成开间，由下而上按比例递减，塔内有木梯可盘登而上，每层的四面各有一个拱券门洞，可以凭栏远眺，在塔内可俯视西安古城。
始建于公元652年，相传是慈恩寺的第一任主持方丈玄奘法师(唐三藏)自天竺国归来后，为了供奉和储藏梵文经典和佛像舍利等物亲自设计并督造建成。
唐高宗和唐太宗曾御笔亲书《大唐三藏圣教序碑》和《述三藏圣教序记碑》。大雁塔是西安市的标志性建筑，是去西安的必游之地。民间人士道：“不到大雁塔，不算到西安。“
钟楼面积达1377平方米，从地面到镏金顶的高度是36米，楼基高8.6米，宽35.5米。钟楼底部像一个城墙墩子，上面是一个亭子样的阁楼，西北角上陈列着一口明代铁钟，重5吨，钟边铸有八卦图案。
我们沿着北侧的石阶登上了华丽的第一层，首先看到的是四周漆壁上栩栩如生的雕刻，上面是远古的传说和故事，有《木兰从军》《嫦娥奔月》《伯乐相马》《柳毅传书》《八仙过海》等。走进楼厅，只见四根粗大笔直的柱子威风凛凛，它们高17米，名曰“冲天柱”。厅中有精美的楠木家具，还有五彩缤纷的吊灯。
其实，钟楼的第一层便是最高的一层，但从外面看，却有三层屋檐，上面的两层屋檐在里面看是看不出来的。这种形式既起到了装饰作用，又能使下层屋檐得到保护，真是一举两得。
Some of the most well-known sites in Xian are:The city is surrounded by a well-preserved City wall of Xian which was re-constructed in the 14th century during the early Ming Dynasty and was based on the inner imperial palace of Tang Dynasty.
The Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang and his Terracotta Army are located 40 km to the east of the city centre,in the citys suburbs.The Bell Tower and Drum Tower,both are located at the citys central axis.The citys Muslim quarter,which is home to the Great Mosque of Xian.The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda and Small Wild Goose Pagoda are both spectacular towers and both are well over 1,000 years old and have survived great earthquakes.The former is next to a large square with the largest fountain in Asia which projects water high into the air,rising and falling in time to music during one of the daily performances (usually at noon and soon after sunset).They protected Buddhist writings in the past.The Stele Forest is famous for its numerous historic inscriptions and stoneworksThe Famen Temple and its towering pagoda located on the citys outskirtXi Ming TempleWolong Temple at Kaitong laneXingjiao Temple at Shaolin Yuan (where Xuanzangs Tomb lies)Jianfu TempleBlue Dragon TempleWangji TempleThe Banpo Neolithic village is located on the outskirt of the city properThe Qianling Mausoleum,one of the many Tang Dynasty era tombs located in XianThe Shaanxi History Museum has a large collection of artifacts both modern and ancient.Mount Hua is one of the most visited and steepest mountains in the countryMount Zhongnan (终南山)Mount TaibaiMount LiHuaqing Hot Springs (华清池),at the foot of Mt.Lishan,have a history of 6,000 years,the adjacent Huaqing Palace has a history of 3,000 years.
Ranked among the Hundred Famous Gardens in China,it also has the status as a National Cultural Relic Protection Unit and a National Key Scenic Area.
西安市位于渭河流域中部关中盆地，东经107°40′～109°49′和北纬33°42′～34°45′之间，北临渭河和黄土高原，南邻秦岭。东以零河和灞源山地为界，与华县、渭南市、商州市、洛南县相接;西以太白山地及青化黄土台塬为界，与眉县、太白县接壤;南至北秦岭主脊，与佛坪县、宁陕县、柞水县分界;北至渭河，东北跨渭河，与咸阳市区、杨凌区和三原、泾阳、兴平、武功、扶风、富平等县(市)相邻。辖境东西长约204公里，南北宽约116公里。面积9983平方公里，其中市区面积1066平方公里。
西安是历史悠久的世界历史文化名城。西安是举世闻名的世界四大文明古都之一，居中国古都之首，是中国历史上建都时间最长、建都朝代最多、影响力最大的都城，是中华民族的摇篮、中华文明的发祥地、中华文化的代表。远古时代，“蓝田猿人”就在这里繁衍生息;新石器“半坡先民”在此建立部落，公元前十一世纪，周文王在沣河两岸建立丰镐二京，从此揭开了西安千年帝都的辉煌史，有着3100多年的建城史和1200多年的建都史，先后有周、秦、汉、唐等13个王朝在这里建都，有“秦中自古帝王州”的美誉。西安曾经是中国政治、经济文化中心和最早对外开放的城市，著名的丝绸之路以西安为起点;“世界八大奇迹”之一的秦始皇陵兵马俑则展示了这座城市雄浑、厚重的历史文化底蕴。悠久的历史文化积淀使西安享有“天然历史博物馆”之誉。文物古迹种类之多，数量之大，价值之高，在全国首屈一指，许多是国内仅有、世界罕见的稀世珍宝。
西安是交通畅达、区位优势明显的城市。西安地处中国陆地版图中心和我国中西部两大经济区域的结合部，是西北通往西南、中原、华东和华北各地市的门户和交通枢纽。在全国区域经济布局上，西安作为新亚欧大陆桥中国段——陇海兰新铁路沿线经济带上最大的中心城市，是国家实施西部大开发战略的桥头堡，具有承东启西、连接南北的重要战略地位。西安是全国连接南北的“大十字”网状铁路交通和陕西省“米”字形铁路交通的重要枢纽，是全国干线公路网中最大的节点城市之一、中国六大航空枢纽之一、六大通讯枢纽之一，枢纽城市特点十分突出。随着国家高速铁路网的加快建设，未来五年内，西安一日交通圈覆盖范围将扩大到大半个中国，辐射人口由现在的6亿扩大到12亿以上。
地貌:西安市的地质构造兼跨秦岭地槽褶皱带和华北地台两大单元。距今约1.3亿年前燕山运动时期产生横跨境内的秦岭北麓大断裂，自距今约300万年前第三纪晚期以来，大断裂以南秦岭地槽褶皱带新构造运动极为活跃，山体北仰南俯剧烈降升，造就秦岭山脉。与此同时，大断裂以北属于华北地台的渭河断陷继续沉降，在风积黄土覆盖和渭河冲积的共同作用下形成渭河平原。
地质:西安市境内海拔高度差异悬殊位居全国各城市之冠。巍峨峻峭、群峰竞秀的秦岭山地与坦荡舒展、平畴沃野的渭河平原界线分明，构成西安市的地貌主体。秦岭山脉主脊海拔20___米～2800米，其中西南端太白山峰巅海拔3867米，是大陆中部最高山峰。渭河平原海拔400米～700米，其中东北端渭河河床最低处海拔345米。西安城区便建立在渭河平原的二级阶地上。
河流、水资源 西安地区自古有“八水绕长安”之美称。市区东有灞河、浐河，南有潏河、滈河，西有氵皂河、沣河，北有渭河、泾河，此外还有黑河、石川河、涝河、零河等较大河流。其中绝大多数属黄河流域的渭河水系。渭河横贯西安市境内约150公里，年径流量为25亿立方米。西安地下水储量估算，总计约19.91亿立方米。还另辟有较理想的水源基地。20___年12月，黑河水利枢纽主体工程建成，每年向西安供水4亿立方米，形成日供水能力120万吨，加上地下水资源，市区日供水能力可达172万吨，基本满足城市生产生活用水。
土壤:西安市土壤分布形成南北两个差异明显的区域，北部的渭河平原以黄褐土、褐土为代表，南部的秦岭山地以黄棕壤、棕壤为代表。据1980～1986年土壤普查，全市有12个土类，24个土壤亚类，50个土属，181个土种。土壤类型的复杂多样，为区内农作物的多品种组合提供了有利条件。
动植物 西安的自然植被未遭受第四纪大陆冰川直接侵袭，尚保留若干第三纪古老的孑遗植物，如银杏、水青树、连香、马甲子等。秦岭山地从高海拔向低海拔垂直分布有高山灌丛草甸、针叶林、针阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶林等自然植被类型。自然植被中野生植物资源丰富，计有野生植物138科、681属、2224种，为中国种子植物的重要“基因库”之一。渭河平原主要为大田农作物、蔬菜、果园和城市绿化等栽培植物类型。野生动物资源主要分布在秦岭山地，有兽类55种，鸟类177种，包括有大熊猫、金丝猴、扭角羚秦岭亚种、鬣羚、大鲵、黑鹳、白冠长尾雉、血雉、金鸡等珍稀动物。为保护自然生态系统和珍稀动植物资源，境内已建立3个国家级自然保护区。
陕西西安秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词
Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum Emperor Qin Shihuang(259-210B.C.)had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name.He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22.By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China’s history.In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor.He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system.Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China’s dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system.He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures.To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats.Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built.All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture.They had a great and deep influence upon China’s 2,000 year old feudal society.Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty’s history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field.As a result, China’s ancient classics had been devastated and destroy.Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive.Those events were later called in history“the burning of books and the burying of Confucian scholars.” Emperor Qin Shihuang，for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain.These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other.Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum has not yet been excavated.What looks like inside could noly be known when it is opened.However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warriot excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum was.No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum.In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey.The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum.This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad.In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council.The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.No.1 Pit is 230 meters long from east to west, 62m wide from north to south and 5m deep , covering a total area of 14,260 square meters.It is an earth-and-wood structure in the shape of a tunnel.There are five sloping entrances on the eastern and western sides of the pit respectively.The pit is divided into eleven corridors by ten earthen partition walls, and the floors are paved with bricks.Thick rafters were placed onto the walls(but now one can only see their remains), which were covered with mats and then fine soil and earth.The battle formation of the Qin dynasty, facing east.In the east end are arrayed three lines of terra-cotta warriors, 70 pieces in each, totaling 210 pieces.They are supposed to be the van of the formation.Immediately behind them are 38 columns of infantrymen alternating with war chariots in the corridors, each being 180m long.They are probably the main body of the formation.There is one line of warriors in the left, right and west ends respectively, facing outwards.They are probably the flanks and the rear.There are altogether 27 trial trench, it is assumed that more than 6,000 clay warriors and horses could be unearthed from No.1 Pit.No.2 Pit sis about half the size of No.1 Pit, covering about 6,000 square meters Trail diggings show this is a composite formation of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed.The 2,000-year-old wooden chariots are already rotten.But their shafts, cross yokes, and wheels, etc.left clear impressions on the earth bed.The copper parts of the chariots still remain.Each chariot is pulled by four horses which are one and half meters high and two metres long.According to textual research, these clay horses were sculptures after the breed in the area of Hexi Corridor.The horses for the cavalrymen were already saddled, but with no stirups.No.3 Pit covers an area of 520m2 with only four horses, one chariot and 68 warriors, supposed to be the command post of the battle formation.Now, No.2 and 3 Pits have been refilled, but visitors can see some clay figures and weapons displayed in the exhibition halls in the museum that had been unearthed from these two pits.The floors of both No.1 and 2 Pits were covered with a layer of silt of 15 to 20cm thick.In these pits, one can see traces of burnt beams everywhere, some relics which were mostly broken.Analysis shows that the pits were burned down by Xiang Yu, leader of a peasant army.All of the clay warriors in the three pits held real weapons in their hands and face east, showing Emperor Qin Shihuang’s strong determination of wiping out the six states and unifying the whole country.The height of the terra-cotta warriors varies from 1.78m, the shortest, to 1.97m, the tallest.They look healthy and strong and have different facial expressions.Probably they were sculpted by craftsmen according to real soldiers of the Qin dynasy.They organically combined the skills of round engraving, bas-relief and linear engraving, and utilized the six traditional folk crafts of sculpturing, such as hand-moulding, sticking, cutting, painting and so on.The clay models were then put in kilns, baked and colour-painted.As the terra-cotta figures have beeb burnt and have gone through the natural process of decay, we can’t see their original gorgeous colours.However, most of the terra-cotta figures bear the trace of the original colours, and few of them are still as bright as new.They are found to be painted by mineral dyestuffs of vermilion, bright red, pink dark green, powder green, purple, blue, orange, black and white colours.Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes, halberds, bows, crossbows and arrowheads.These weapons were exquisitely made.Some of theme are still very sharp, analyses show that they are made of alloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other metals.Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as new, though buried underground for more than 2,000 years.This indicates that Qin dynasty’s metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique already reached quite a high level.In December 1980, two teams of large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 metres west of the mound of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum.These single shaft four-horse chariots each comprises 3,462 spare parts, and has a body with two compartments, one behind the other, and an elliptical umbrella like canopy.The four horses harnessed to the chariot are 65-67 centimeters tall.The restored bronze chariots and horses are exact imitations of true chariot, horse and driver in half life-size.The chariots and horses are decorated with coloured drawings against white background.They have been fitted with more than 1,500 piecese of gold and silvers and decorations, looking luxurious, splendid and graceful.Probably they were meant for the use of Emperor Qin Shihuang’s soul to go on inspection.The bronze chariots and horses were made by lost wax casting, which shows a high level of technology.For instance, the tortoise-shell-like canopy is about 4mm thick, and the window is only 1mm thick on which are many small holes for ventilation.According to a preliminary study, the technology of manufacturing the bronze chariots and horses has involved casting, welding, reveting, inlaying embedding and chiseling.The excavation of the bronze chariots and horses provides extremely valuable material and data for the textual research of the metallurgical technique, the mechanism of the chariot and technological modeling of the Qin dynasty.No.2 bronze chariot and horses now on display were found broken into 1,555 pieces when excavated.After two-and-half years’ careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists and various specialists, they were formally exhibited in the museum on October 1, 1983.No.1 bronze chariot hand horses are on display from 1988.
