托福独立写作提升有困难怎么办
托福写作提分点一 写作思路
至少两条合适的理由，判断理由是否合适。理由是否是在同一个观点内。
托福写作提分点二 写作结构
多段式，每一个重要理由单独成为一段，正规书面文体，要求每段开头空四个空格。
托福写作提分点三 写作细节
各段落写作中一般要求在各段主题句之后看到一些支持说明该段主题的细节， (细节可以为：a.具体事例，自己的他人的都行;b.假想例子，一般使用 imagine, suppose, it is reasonable to expect... 开头。 c. 正反对比的论述。d.使用类比、比喻等修辞手段。)各个段落可以根据不同使用情况来确定使用哪种细节来支持，最好各段采用的细节是不同模式的。
托福写作提分点四 提升语言
用词上把握住：proper words in proper position 如果出现用词错误，比如该用brains 用了head，产生歧义的必须杜绝，各段的主题句中不能有语意模糊、逻辑混乱现象。修辞几乎是必须的：用了就比没用有本质差别，用得好有加分。
托福写作提分点五 句式多样化
绝对不能从头到尾都是简单句，注意文章中使用到各种复合句式，以下几种建议必有：同位语、定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句。并注意使用双重否定句。
托福写作解析：托福写作词汇使用技巧
托福写作词汇技巧一：选词时要符合语言习惯
并与社会文化诸多背景一致。由于东西方社会历史文化的差异，许多词所引申或代表的内容也大相径庭。如果没有广泛的阅读积累，养成经常查字典的良好习惯，单凭想当然地选词，势必会词不达意。
托福写作词汇技巧二：在英语写作中特别要注意区分同义词
选词时要考虑主题、对象及情景。由于历史的原因，现代英语除本族语外，还包括大量的法语和拉丁来源的词，这就使英语的同义词相当丰富。
托福写作词汇技巧三：措词选择应把握好
英语和汉语词汇无法对应的部分，不是所有的英语词汇都有相应的汉语表达，一些不同的英语词汇也有可能用同样的汉语来表达，这就使我们在用英语来表达思想上面临更多选择上的困难。
因此，要确定我们所选的词是否准确、恰当，单凭查词典还不行。大家在进行托福写作词汇练习时，还需要着重基础词汇的积累，一味攻读高分词汇，有可能会陷入盲目罗列、错误套用的怪圈当中，很可能会得不偿失
托福写作解析：3类实用托福写作高分句型
1、熟知但是却不爱用的there be句型
说熟知是绝大部分同学或多或少写过，说不爱用，就得提提老给考生使绊的“Chinglish思维方式”。Therebe的句型在写作中极容易犯错，比如：明天将会有很多重大新闻。有的考生想都不想地就写成：Tomorrow will have many significant news. 这样的句子就属于较严重的语法错误，tomorrow能发出have这个动作吗?肯定是不能的，所以主语并不是tomorrow。这里很明显没有可以发出“有“这个动作的主语，所以正确答案应该是：There will be many significant news tomorrow. tomorrow 是典型的时间状语，所以以后在there be的写作中要注意可能出现的状语和主语的混淆错误。
2、动名词做主语
动词一般不可以在句首做主语，但是如果把动词加上ing，它就会变成“动名词“，那么这个主语就“名正言顺”了。语法书中定义：“动名词，即是兼有名词和动词特征的非限定性动词，可以做主语、定语、表语和宾语等。”
所以上面的二个句子这样表达最合适：
(1). 读书是一门艺术：Reading is an art.
(2). 贩卖毒品是犯法的：Selling drugs is illegal.
可以发现，动名词做主语的句子所包含的意思真的不是针对哪一个或哪一类人，暗指的对象应该是整个大众，所以，使用动名词开头的句型不仅是在说理，而且还更加客观、科学，是书面语的标志。
3、代词做主语
这种句型还是适用在找不到主语的情况下，但是情况要显得更加复杂一些。例如：“现在对于很多老师来说处理学生的在校不恰当行为并不是那么容易。”
总而言之，考生想要实现作文提分目标，了解评分标准可谓是关键一步，因此本文内容还请大家认真学习记熟，为托福独立写作高分作文打好基础。
托福写作语料库积累：独自旅行(一)
托福写作语料库积累:独自旅行
1 Learn more about yourself. Discover yourself.
Once you set off on a solo journey to unknown place, you start getting to know yourself much better. You are on your own. You start listening to your heart and you are finally able to achieve some level of internal equilibrium and focus of mind. You start to discover yourself once again – things you are capable of, things you are afraid or scared of. You face your fears and you defeat them. There is no stress around andyou feel alive.
2 Make new friends. Speak to strangers.
Meet people. Speak to strangers. Have fun. Observe.
When we travel with companions, we tend to stick to that group of people and even though we try our best to get to know new people, the dynamics and interactions will certainly not be as deep and fulfilling. I’ve noticed that when I am on my own on the road, I’m definitely more eager to chat with locals, meet travel buddies, team up with other travelers and generally reach out more in order to socialize. It seems so natural. Travelling solo definitely enables you to speak directly to some locals and stop being shy with people. In this way, you can make new friend and gain valuable insider knowledge about wherever you are.
3 Experience new things.
When you travel solo, people are more open and direct with you. Thus, you can experience more new things than you would when travelling with someone. People will invite you home and welcome you warmly in their place. They will share everything they have with you, sometimes giving you more than they possess. You willnotice their smile and small gestures you often ignore when travelling with someone else by your side.
4 Freedom. Peace. Flexibility.
Take the risk. Embrace the world. Feel free.
When you travel on your own, you are definitely more flexible with time, next destination and decisions you make. You team up with travel buddies you like the most and end up expanding your travel plans. You are free to change your plans whenever you want to. You are free to sleep as long as you want to. You can hitchhike, hike, dance on the beach, change your destination at last minute without stress and compromises. When you travel, you are open to change and you will welcome it with open arms. No more fitting into a group’s agenda. No more explanations or disappointing anyone. You just follow rhythm, heart and mind.
5. Loneliness? What’s that?
In fact, when travelling solo, you will never feel lonely. Once you get to any hostel or hotel and you will see plenty of solo travelers who are in the same boat. You all travel for the same reasons, you all miss home at some point and you all want to experience new things. It is incredible to see how much you have in common with people who you have not met before. You get to know each other, you make friends and keep in touch. We meet once again after some time in a different place and you all laugh at all of these awkward and unforgettable moments you shared together.
托福写作语料库积累：独自旅行(二)
托福写作语料库积累:独自旅行
6 Overcome your fears. Challenge your insecurities.
A plate of snake meat I challenged to eat
What does not kill you, makes you stronger and that’s so true. When you are left on your own, you start fighting for what really matters to you. You overcome the fear of heights, darkness, spiders or even new food. The more you travel, the less you fear. As long as you make regular solo trips, you will feel more confident each time, no matter what your fear is which is also a good excuse to travel regularly.
7 Indulge in anything you want without being judged.
Without a doubt, eating is one of the most enjoyable aspects of travel. Be it street food or in a restaurant. Once you start travelling solo, you also start appreciating food more and you will end up eating things that you would normally not eat at home. Youbecome more adventurous with food. You can finally take in all the Thai pad thai, Italian pizza, Belgian macaroons and Chinese dumplings you find on your travels if you so desire without worrying about other people noticing!
8 Save money.
Travel solo and save money
In most cases, you can find travelling solo cheaper than travelling with someone. Why? Nobody teases you with local delicacies so it is easier to resist the temptation and spend less money on food (my case). You are also more likely to buy less souvenirs and useless gadgets. More importantly, your travel companion might prefer more convenient and expensive way of travelling and it’s sometimes awkward to say “Sorry, it’s too expensive for me”.
9 Gain confidence.
When you travel solo you might face various problems, make decisions and even take some risk on your own. All these situations will, with no doubts, make you stronger, braver and much more confident though. Being alone on the road is a great challenge and as we know the challenges make us grow stronger and wiser not only as travellers but also as human-beings. When travelling on your own you can learn many skills such as time management and decision making.
10 No drama.
How many times did you argue with your travel buddies? How many times did you have to meet him/her half-way? If things do not go well, the entire trip can be a miserable, drama-filled time you’d love to forget. There is no drama when you travel on your own. No arguments. No fights.
To sum up, we should not be scared to set off for a solo journey! For some people it might be a tough decision and a weird feeling for the first days of solo expedition, but at the end of the day you will not regret it as it’s much more adventurous and challenging, it shapes your personality and gives you enormous possibilities to test yourself.
托福写作语料库积累：未来的学生们是否不再使用纸媒书籍
托福写作思路拓展
纸媒书籍存在的理由和不可替代性：
1. 无论电子阅读多么便利和有趣，很多学生改变不了用纸媒书籍学习的习惯。例如，我的同龄人，他们不习惯也不喜欢电子书，尤其是以电子书作为教科书，因为电子阅读极其不便，无法随时地做标记和笔记。
2. 对比其他的电子读物，传统的纸媒有其优势。具体而言，很多电子小说可随意发表，质量难保证，但是，纸媒书籍，比较而言，内容优质。 例如，作为文学爱好者，我喜欢阅读文学作品， 网络小说很少吸引我，因为其内容比较庸俗，文笔很差，极少带来阅读快感。相反，我自己喜欢阅读一本名为《作家》的杂志，我不读网络杂志，因为拿到一本新书的感觉很踏实，淡淡的墨香激发我立刻阅读的兴趣。
手机阅读或网络阅读的好处：(让步段)
我承认，电子阅读也有其流行的理由，例如：储存量大，携带便利，价格低廉，资源丰富，比较环保。但是，我想反驳的是：电子阅读也有其弊端。比如，长期接触电子辐射有害视力，另外，电子书库信息量很大，有时候，我们反而无从选择自己的喜欢的书籍。
托福写作基础语料库
1. printed books n印刷书籍
2. e-reading n电子阅读
3. deeply rooted reading habit n 根深蒂固的阅读习惯
4. can never replace traditional way of reading v永远无法代替传统的阅读方式
5. A and B are not mutually exclusive …… 和 …… 不是互相排斥的
托福写作语料库
1. The past century has witnessed tremendous technological progress and these changes re-shaped some people’s reading choices.
一百年来，科技在进步，这种进步也改变了很多人的阅读选择。
解析：tremendous = great 巨大的
2. People still read, however，some people might have different preferences such as on-line reading or appreciating their favorite books via the cell phone.
人们依然在阅读，但是，人们的喜好也许在变化，例如很多人喜欢网络阅读和手机阅读。
解析：via prep通过
3. Some people argue that if the popularity of e-reading keeps expanding at current rate, our reading will be dominated by on-line or cell phone reading two decades later.
有人认为如果电子阅读以这样的速度上升，后，手机阅读和网络阅读最终将会占据主导地位。
4. It is true that the number of reading printed books is， to some extent，declining, but, this trend does not necessarily indicate conventional way of reading will give way to e-reading.
的确，那些阅读印刷书籍的人数在一定程度上减少，但是，这不一定意味着电子阅读会取代传统阅读。
5. The quality of many e-books cannot be ensured because almost every individual can publish articles on line，conversely，reading printed books with excellent contents can stir readers’ imagination, tap their creativity and deepen their insights into their lives.
因为几乎人人可以发表网络文章，所以，很多电子读物的质量难以保障，相反，阅读内容优质的纸媒书籍可以激发人的想象力，开发人的创造性，加深人对于生活的洞察。
6. Indeed，I have to concede that many readers，especially teenagers, seem to be drawn to the popular e-reading.
我承认，很多人，尤其是青少年读者，似乎被被流行的电子阅读所吸引。
7. Nonetheless，I want to rebut that on no account can we neglect the downsides triggered by e-reading.
但是，我想反驳的是任何情况下我们不能忽视电子阅读带来的弊端。
8. First，as for some of my peers，it is hard for them to change deeply rooted habit of reading printed books or newspapers.
对于我的很多同龄人而言，他们很难改变根深蒂固的阅读纸媒的习惯。
9. No matter how convenient or amusing e-reading is，I still have a preference for reading printed newspapers and magazines.
无论电子阅读多么便利和有趣，我依然喜欢阅读印刷版的报纸杂志。
10. For example，as a literature fancier，I take keen interest in reading a magazine entitled Writer，I can either read printed book or and enjoy on-line magazine， however， I still have a sentimental attachment to the traditional way of reading .
例如，我是文学发烧友，很喜欢阅读一本名为《作家》的杂志，我可以选择购买书籍，也可以选择网络阅读，但是，我始终对于传统的阅读方式更加依赖.
解析：have a sentimental attachment to 对于……有情感的依恋
11. The ink fragrance of the book never fails to make me feel at ease, when holding a newly published magazine, I usually have an impulse of browsing the book and make some personal notes immediately .
一本新书散发着墨香，拿在手里，比较踏实，我可以随时笔记。
解析：make me feel at ease v使我感到心安
12. E-books enjoy their unique merits. To name just a few, e-books have large storage room, are easy to carry, have rich on-line resources and so on.
电子阅读有其独有的利好, 例如，电子书存储量大，携带便利，资源丰富等等。
13. Seen from the perspective of health, chronic exposure to the screen might impair one’s eyesight.
从健康的角度而言，长期接触电子辐射有害视力。
解析：chronic adj 长期的
解析：impair one’s eyesight v 有害视力
14. With the availability of an ocean of e-books，sometimes，it is hard for readers to select their favorite books.
电子书库信息量很大，有时候，读者反而无从选择他们的喜欢的书籍。
15. The ideal learning effect created by printed books can never be matched by e-reading.
托福写作提速技巧：先列提纲再写正文
大家可能会觉得奇怪，本来写作时间就不太够用了，还要花心思去列个提纲，时间岂不是更紧张?事实并非如此。有句话说得好，工欲善其事必先利其器。对于一篇作文来说，拥有明确的提纲才是关键所在。特别是独立写作这样讲究论述逻辑和文章结构的作文题材，没有提纲很容易导致跑题情况的发生，很多同学时间不够用其实就是因为没有明确的大纲写到哪里算哪里，所以才会在不知不觉间浪费掉太多时间。考虑到独立写作其实对文章结构的要求是比较简单的，大家只需要简单写出自己的观点，然后列出2-3个分论点就可以算是列好提纲了。这并不需要花费考生很多时间，却能让大家对之后的文章结构和展开有更为明确的目标和思路，对于提升考生写作速度是大有好处的，也能够更好地保证文章质量，既能提速又能提分。
托福写作提速技巧：限时训练提前适应
光学会列提纲还不够，考生还需要通过实际动笔来训练自己的写作速度。很多光靠看范文背素材无法发现的问题，考生在实际写作的过程中才会体现出来，比如拼写错误语法错误等等，这些问题一般练习时是很难看出来的，但在限时压力之下往往立即就会显现出来。而为了适应考场上的时间压力，大家在备考中提前开始限时训练也是大有好处的。考生如果能尽早适应30分钟写完文章的时限要求，到了考试中自然就有充足把握应对独立写作，也不会再被时间问题所困扰了。
托福写作提速技巧：先写头尾后写中间
这个技巧是针对独立写作文体要求比较有效的一种技巧。写作时间不够用的考生最容易遇到的就是结尾来不及写或是匆匆写完的情况。这种会导致文章结构不完整的情况都会造成较多扣分。为了避免在时间限制下出现写不完结尾的情况，小编建议大家在写作中可以尝试先写完开头结尾，然后再填充中间段的方式。这样做既能保证文章的完整性，对于中间段的论述也比较好把握。考生如果觉得时间较多，那么中间段可以写得丰富一些，如果时间紧张，那么中间段只要把分论点写完，具体论述适当缩水一些问题也不会太大。总而言之，这种写作方式可以让大家把写作的主动权控制在自己手里，而不会因为时间限制而手忙脚乱了。
托福写作词汇怎么储备
一、通过阅读来扩充有效地单词量
通过广泛大量的阅读，了解英语词汇与社会、历史、政治和文化的内在联系，写出符合语言习惯并地道的表达出英语语言的逻辑性和连贯性的文章。
由于东西方社会历史文化的差异，许多词所引申或代表的内容也大相径庭，Phoenix在西方象征“复活”、“再生”，而汉语的这一词却表示“祥瑞”。
如果没有广泛的阅读积累，养成经常查字典的良好习惯，单凭想当然地选词，势必会词不达意。
二、注意同义和近义的词语的区别
选词时要考虑主题、对象及情景，由于历史的原因，现代英语除本族语外，还包括大量的法语和拉丁来源的饲，这就使英语的同义词相当丰富。总的来讲，英语本族语大多是 短词，小词，听起来朴素亲切，大量用于口头表达：法语来源的词庄重文雅，多与行政、宗教、军事、服饰等有关;拉丁来源的词，书卷味浓, 同义词除了来源的不同会 影响措词的选择外，它们在程度、感情色彩上也有不同。
三、中英文无对应时的转换和翻译
不是所有的英语词汇都有相应的汉语表达，一些不同的英语词汇也有可能用同样的汉语来表 达，这就使我们在用英语来表达思想对面临更多选择上的困难。比如family和home两词都可译成汉语的“家”，但它们却不是同义词。Family主要 指家庭成员，与人有关，而home主要指所居住的地点、住宅。Except和besides有时都译成同样的汉语“除了”,但他们的意思却是相反的。因此 我们不能依赖于单纯的汉语译意。否则我们可能会被误导。尽管许多英语对应的汉语词汇都能表达它们真正的意思，但往往有些英语词汇没有准确的汉语对应词;所 以只有在不同的上下文中才能确定它们真正的意思，比如send一词，如果单把它理解成汉语的“送”的话，象这样的句子“她送信给我”也许会被写成she sent me the letter。而英语准确的表达应是she brought me the letter.再如“他将送朋友去机场”，如果写成He will send his friend to the airpot。就又错了。正确的表达应该是He will go to the airpot with his friend to see him off. 实际上send sth to a place 应该是请别人送去，自己不去。因此，要确定我们所选的词是否准确、恰当，单凭查词典还不行。
托福写作模板的利弊分析
托福写作共有两个部分。第一部分名为“Integrated“综合写作，第二部分名为“independent” 独立写作。
托福综合写作是一个比较新的部分。一般说来，策略可以分为两个部分。第一“获取信息”。这需要考生有精读总结能力、听力抓点能力以及速记note making能力。这些能力对于考生把握主要写作信息是至关重要的。
对于托福综合写作，模板是必要的，但是最终的分数会根据收集的信息和语言的正确性决定。对于独立写作，一个模板实际上就是一种逻辑，语言可以变化但是逻辑应该是容易让西方人了解的。模版应该是构思写作中的 篇章结构，而不是用固定的语言来组织作文，那样考官一看就有抄袭的嫌疑，在西方，抄袭就是偷，如果你的文章用模版套写肯定就是偷来的，那又如何谈得上高分呢，这种显而易见的道理应该是人人都明白的。而模写是通过自己的思考来重新组织语言，依照题目的要求经过一番自我创造而写出的文章，文章内容和对题目的审视都融入了你个人的真知灼见，是有思想的，这样的文章才能吸引考官的注意，写作高分才有可能得到。
托福写作模版的好处是什么呢?恰当的运用托福写作模板，不但可以有效地减缩审题时间，一些常用的习语还会使批卷老师眼前一亮，这些都会是你拿高分一个重要原因。
托福写作的备考策略介绍
初级的书籍有《TOEFL iBT高分作文》，收录了对应全部TWE185作文题的185篇范文。本书的语言风格更适合拿来模仿和入门。
《Answers to all TOEFL Essay Questions》这是海外出版的一本TWE185作文集，文章数有400多篇，基本每个作文题目都有2-3篇文章。也许是文章过多的缘故，风格上比较多样，思路和中国学生爱用的传统思路不太一样。可以作为参考。
《TOEFL全真题高分作文》书的主体是150篇旧托福作文真题的范文，另外也有一些写作上的建议，和常用词汇、句式的总结等。书内范文风格相比传统的严谨议论风格，要显得自由些，可能是三本范文书中最接近OG上范文风格的书籍。
以上就是一些比较合适的托福写作偏基础的书籍推荐，那么我们该如何做呢?
1、勤练习，多动手
这个动手写主要指独立写作。如果基础比较好，可以直接写一篇完整的文章练习。基础不太好，可以不限时，甚至只写一两个段落。如果连写几个句子都困难，那就改写范文上的句子练习。关于写段落，也可以采取同时写数个开头段，数个结尾段，数个中间段的办法来打基础。另外，还可以结合自己近期复习到范文，甚至阅读、听力等内容，把一些新近吸收的单词、语句、结构尝试着用在写作上。
2、改写，查漏补缺
这里主要也是指对自己写的独立作文的改写。仅仅写出一篇文章是不够的，一方面，自己的写作中肯定会有一些问题存在，另一方面，文章要反映的内容其实有多种表达方式，这个多样性可以是语言层面上的，也可以是结构(论证)层面上的。所以，改写，就是一个发现问题，并锻炼表达多样性的有效办法。最好是在老师或者程度相当或者较好的同学的帮助下，不断地改进。
iBT新增的综合写作，其实就是把吸收到的阅读、听力信息，进行一个归纳、复述的工作，而复述很大程度上就是将原信息用自己的话再“改写”一遍，所以多改自己写的独立作文，提升改写能力，也能对综合写作起到不小帮助。
3、继续以参考书为主
一方面，继续看范文，除了初期做的学习语言和结构之外，还可以把自己写的文章和同一题目或相近题目的范文进行比较，体会不同的思路。另一方面，更要把指导性参考书。结合自己的情况，有针对性地进行强化训练。
4、综合写作训练
综合写作，其实还要较好的听力基础和阅读基础，以及笔记记录能力。前两者应该在托福复习的前半程有了较好的积累，具体到综合写作的运用，还要锻炼短时间迅速了解阅读、听力材料中的要点以及相应例证的能力。同时，还可以看机经，熟悉综合写作的套路，出题方式。另一方面，可以做一做综合教材，或者OG上的题目。目前除了OG，Kaplan和“完全指南”的综合写作题目是和考试比较接近的题目，可以用“完全指南”作为练习题。
5、打字练习
由于托福考试是完全的上机操作，自己还需要注意自己打字速度的锻炼。
1)读书需要太长时间
2)电影技术进步，也可以很好的欣赏故事
3)因为不了解故事情节，电影可以带来惊喜
看电影前先读书：
1)更好的理解电影的内容
2)观众可以更批判性的看电影
10月28日托福独立写作题目：
Many filmmakers make movies based on books. some people prefer to read the book before they watch the movie, while other people prefer to watch the movie before they read the book. which one do you prefer?
与今年03月04日的题目一样
范文：
Since the invention of movies about one century ago, general publics have shown extraordinary passion and enthusiasm on this way of entertainment. It is very common to find a cinema crowded with audiences coming to watch the newly launched movie starring their idols or telling a story written by a famous author. In my mind, if possible, it is more meaningful for people to read the book on which the movie is produced before going to the theater.
Admittedly, without reading the book in advance, audiences still can fully enjoy the movies. For modern citizens, time is a commonly mentioned excuse: they are too busy to spare enough time to read. As study and work has occupied most of their time, they feel even not enough time to have a rest. Also, thanks to the improvement of movie making techniques and directors’ skills, audiences usually regard watching movies as a better way to enjoy a story. For example, the movie of The Great Gatsby lasts about two hours, starring Leonardo and boasting fantastic party scenes. But, it costs people months to finish reading the book.
However, for great works of famous authors, it is definitely worthy for people to read books before watching movies. To begin with, the reading of the original story enables us to have better understanding of the movie and to assess the movie more objectively. By reading books beforehand, audiences have more information on backgrounds of events and personalities of characters. This allows people to judge whether the director and actors are successful in telling the story. Even, some authors’works are by nature very challenging for directors to film. With huge efforts, the movie is still obscure and abstruse. Without reading the book, it is unfair for audiences disappointed by the movie to criticize the author. Take Here the Wind Sing written by Haruki Murakami as an example. If audiences haven’t read the book before, they can hardly understand those behaviors of Japanese young adults and be bored by insipid trivial matters in the movie.
Secondly, the reading of the book in advance allows audiences to be more critical while watching the movie. It is unavoidable that people may have divergent interpretation of the book. Bearing in mind the story, we are able to examine whether the movie will strike a chord in our heart or enlighten us with different revelation. Especially for die-hard fans, to watch a movie based on a book of their beloved author is just like to have a discussion with the director and actors on the contents or even details. Take the movie Into the White Night based on the book of Higashino Keigo as an example. The author is very successful in depicting criminals’ mental activities and creating conflicts, while the movie emphasizes much on cruel criminal activities to catch eyeballs. By reading the original story, we even can assess whether the actor and actress is successful in shaping characters.
To sum up, although watching movies without reading original books saves people much time, it is actually much more enjoyable to read in advance.
范文：
In the face of fierce competition from international students and decline of local students’ interests in academic study, the government needs an effective plan to improve education quality of high schools. Undoubtedly, for any plan to take effect, the first step is to train teachers who are directly responsible for students’ study. In my mind, between options of training a few at first or training all of them online at the same time, the latter one must be a better strategy.
In consideration to efficiency, training all teaching staff online can help the government improve overall education quality in short time. Teachers usually have different schedules, so it must be difficult to have them together frequently in a seminar. Possibly, the compulsory training will arouse complaints. However, thanks to the wide coverage of Internet, teachers can easily access training materials at any place and any time individually and flexibly. Moreover, as high school teachers, they must possess the consciousness and capability of studying on their own. Therefore, with all teachers starting to study at the first time, the process can be greatly simplified. On the contrary, it costs twice as much as time to train a few elite teachers who then convey what they obtain to peers back to school.
In consideration to effectiveness, training all teachers online together will generate an atmosphere of positive competition and cooperation. It is more encouraging that all teachers begin at the same starting point. There can be a private account for each participant that records his or her studying progress and ranks among peers. In addition, trainees of all schools can freely share their thoughts and get inspiration from each other on the giant cyber environment. Under peer pressure, teachers will become more involved and active. However, another proposal of selecting a few good teachers getting training will run into troubles at the initial stage. The problem lies in how to select the “good teachers”. It is difficult to set a convincing standard that is agreeable and acceptable to all. A foreseeable outcome might be the emerging of bias between those selected and unselected.
To sum up, the wise choice of the government to improve education must be providing online training to all teachers together.
The government wants to improve the education of high school, and there are two plans:
1 Choose a group of good teachers and train them first, and after that let them go back to their schools and train other teachers.
2 Provide training for every teacher online, with providing online materials and let them study individually.
这一天的独立写作重复7月10日的考题
1 the characters of online training
1) convenient and flexible
2) huge database of training materials
3) free discussion platform for all
2 teachers
1) busy schedule
2) strong study ability
3) competition
4) standard of good teachers
作者:Cindy
1.如何写开头段
我们知道，托福独立写作是典型的议论文，一般开头段是文章的背景段，介绍题目中的问题是在什么样的环境下发生并且表明自己的观点。所以我们可以按照下列步骤完成背景段：
第一步：展开话题中的关键词，结合关键词介绍背景;
第二步：给出他人对这一问题的看法;
第三步：根据题目，给出自己对这一问题的观点;
第四步：给出一个承上启下的过渡句。
作文题目：Many people have a close relationship with their pets. These people treat their birds, cats, or other animals like members of their family. In your opinion, are such relationships good? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
开头段示例：(介绍背景)当今社会，很多人会把宠物看成家庭中的成员。它们生病时会照料它们，它们身体好时会陪它们玩耍。(他人观点)对于这种关系，人们持有不同的观点，有些人认为人与宠物之间应该有界限，过于亲密的关系对人类有害。(个人观点)但我认为人们和宠物之间建立这样的亲密关系是件好事。(过渡句)下面我会给出自己的理由和论据。
2.如何写中间段
议论文的中间段是支持观点的主要内容。一般我们会先想出支持论点的两到三个理由，然后每一个理由用一个段落来展开。中间段一般有两到三个理由段，其中每一个理由段都需要有相应的例子或者细节，并且还要有清晰的论证过程，用来说明自己的观点。
理由段示例：
观点：我认为人们和宠物关系亲密是件好事。
理由：养宠物有助于主人的身心健康。
理由段：我认为人们和宠物关系亲密是件好事，主要是因为养宠物有助于主人的身心健康。(展开细节)我们都知道，人类一直被各种疾病所困扰，而美国一项对饲养宠物与健康关系的研究发现，饲养宠物的心脏病患者在离开医院后一年内存活机率要高出不饲养宠物的病人。在饲养宠物的病人中仅有 6% 的人在一年内去世，而不饲养宠物的病人中去世者占28%……因此我认为养宠物有助于主人的身心健康，人们跟宠物关系亲密是件好事。
3.如何写让步段
这里的让步段其实是让步转折段。在这一段里，需要先指出反方的观点和主要理由，然后进行反驳。目的是让文章更具有客观性，同时从侧面再一次强调自己观点的合理性。可以按照
按照下列步骤完成让步段：
第一步：给出反方的观点和理由;
第二步：给出坚持自己看法的理由;
第三步：重申自己的观点。
让步段示例：
(反方观点和理由)当然，有人可能认为人和动物有很大区别，宠物再好也没必要把宠物当家人来看待。(给出坚持自己看法的理由)但是，宠物给我们带来健康和幸福，为什么我们就不能对它们多一些爱心呢?(重申自己的观点)跟宠物亲如家人对宠物和主人来说不是什么坏事。
4.如何写总阶段
在议论文中，总结段是对全文主要内容的概括。总结段可包含两部分内容：
1. 对观点的重申
2. 对理由的总结。
总结段示例：
(理由的总结)跟宠物在一起人们可以获得欢乐，身心都会得到放松，照顾宠物也有利于保持有规律的生活节奏。(观点的重申)人们很自然就会对宠物好，这种亲密的关系是正常而且有益的，人们和宠物亲如家人是件好事。
托福写作的三点建议
建议一： 避免空洞的单词和词组
1. 一些空洞的单词或词组根本不能为句子带来任何相关的或重要的信息，完全可以被删掉。比如下面的句子：
When all things are considered, young adults of today live more satisfying lives than those of their parents, in my opinion.
这句话当中的“when all things are considered”和“in my opinion“都显得多余。完全可以去掉。改为：
Young adults of today live more satisfying lives than their parents.
2. 有些空洞和繁琐的表达方式可以进行替换，例如：
Due to the fact that our grandparents were under an obligation to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have at this point in time.
“due to the fact that”就是一个很典型的繁琐的表达方式的例子，可以替换，简化为下面的表达方式：
Because our grandparents were obligated to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have now.
建议二： 避免重复
1. 尽量避免重复使用同样的词汇。或者有的时候虽然词汇没有重复，但意思却有重复。这时候可以做一些简化的工作。例如下面这个例子：:
The farm my grandfather grew up on was large in size.
large 对一个farm来说就是size方面的large，所以in size可以去掉，改为：
The farm my grandfather grew up on was large.
更简洁的表达方式为：
My grandfather grew up on a large farm.
2. 有时一个词组可以用一个更简单的单词来替换，例如：
My grandfather has said over and over again that he had to work on his parents’ farm.
这里的over and over again就可以改为repeatedly，显得更为简洁：
My grandfather has said repeatedly that he had to work on his parents’ farm.
建议三：选择最恰当的语法结构
选择合适的语法结构可以使句子意思的表达更为精确和简练。虽然语法的多样性也很重要，但选择最恰当的语法结构仍然是更为重要的考虑因素。以下推荐几种考生们在考虑选择何种语法结构时可以参考的原则：
1. 一个句子的主语和谓语动词应该能够反映句子中的最重要的意思。例如：.
The situation that resulted in my grandfather’s not being able to study engineering was that his father needed help on the farm.
从意思上来分析，上面这句话需要表达的重要的概念是“grandfather’s not being able to study”，而在表达这个概念时，原句用的主语是situation，谓语动词是was，不能强调需要表达的重点概念，可以改为下面这句话：
My grandfather couldn’t study engineering because his father needed help on the farm.
2. 避免频繁使用“there be”结构，例如下面的句子：
There were 25 cows on the farm that my grandfather had to milk every day. It was hard work for my grandfather.
可以改为：My grandfather worked hard. He had to milk 25 cows on the farm every day.
更简洁的句式为：
My grandfather worked hard milking 25 cows daily.
3. 把从句改为短语或单词。例如：
Dairy cows were raised on the farm, which was located100 kilometers from the nearest university and was in an area that was remote.
简介的表达方式为：
The dairy farm was located in a remote area, 100 kilometers to the nearest university.
4. 仅在需要强调宾语而不是主语的时候，才使用被动语态。例如：
In the fall, not only did the cows have to be milked, but also the hay was mowed and stacked by my grandfather’s family.
本句不够简洁的原因是本句的重心应该是“忙碌的家庭-my grandfather’s family”，而使用了被动语态后，仿佛重心变成了cows和hay。下面的表达方式是主动语态，相对来说更简洁一些：
In the fall, my grandfather’s family not only milked the cow but also mowed and stacked the hay.
5. 用更为精确的一个动词来代替动词短语，例如下面这句话：
My grandfather didn’t have time to stand around doing nothing with his school friends.
Stand around doing nothing其实可以用一个动词来表达，即loiter：
My grandfather didn’t have time to loiter with his school friends.
6. 有时两句话的信息经过组合完全可以用一句话来简练地表达，例如：
Profits from the farm were not large. Sometimes they were too small to meet the expenses of running a farm. They were not sufficient to pay for a university degree.
两句话的信息可以合并为下面这句更为简洁的句子：
Profits from the farm were sometimes too small to meet operational expenses, let alone pay for a university degree.
托福写作过渡词的分类整理
1、表示时间的
af first 起初
after a while 一会儿
after that 那以后
after that 那以后
after/before dark 天黑后/前
afterward 后来
as a young man 当…… 是个年轻人的时候
as early as 早……的时候
as soon as 一……就……
at last 终于
at the age of… 在……岁的时候
before, the other day 几天前
earlier, until now 直到现在
early in the morning 大清早
eventually 最终
finally 最后
immediately 立即、马上
in no time 不一会儿
in the end 最后
lately近来
later 后来
meanwhile=in the meantime=at the same time 在此期间、同时
next 接下来
one afternoon 一天下午
one day 有一天
one morning 一天早晨
recently 最近
since then 自从那时起
soon 不久
Soon/shortly after ……之后不久
suddenly=all of a sudden 突然
then 然后
to begin/start with=in the first place 首先、第一点
2、表示空间的
above 在上方
across 在……的另一边
against 靠着、抵着
around 在周围
at the back of 在后面
at the bottom of 在底部
before 在前
behind 在后
below 在下方
close to 靠近
further on 再往前
in front of 在前面
in the front of 在前面
in the middle of 在中间
near to 在……附近
next to 与……相邻
on the edge of 在……的边上
on the right/left 在右/左边
on top of 在……的顶部
opposite to 与……相对
over 垂直在上
to the right/left 朝右/左
under 垂直在下
托福写作如何搭建结构
首先由明线入手的思路可以不太讲究结构，这点的评论请看后文;然而由暗线着手的议论却必须注意结构，因为暗线采用的是和题目本身关系不大的视角，写得好是一气呵成发人深省，写得不慎重就会失之毫厘，谬之千里，走题走到天边去。
接上文，仍以题目做示范。笔者第二次拟提纲，以理暗渡，就不能像第一次一样只写论点，而得把首段，论点，甚至每段在整篇文章中的作用也一并写出，才能避免下笔时走题。
首段：民以食为天，食物在人类生活中的重要性不可言喻，就连食物的准备方式也可能极大影响人类文化，进而影响个人生活质量(引入社会心理学，设置暗线，为全文奠定基调)以现代生活实况分析，食品速食化导致人类生活质量下降的趋向比较明显。
第一论证段：(身体健康层面)饮食文化改变，传统有益健康而消耗时间的料理方式被摈弃，垃圾食品大行其市，天人合一，顺应生理规律的文化被断绝。(注：这里因为不是从营养，而是从生物规律论述对身体的影响，所以前文所论的paradox此处可不考虑)
第二论证段：从速食流行原因论证人类行为文化改变， 高节奏的高压生活必然促使身体早衰(身体与心理健康两个层面综合)
第三论证段：(心理健康层面)行为高速化也会导致对情感的无法顾及甚至冷漠，人类情感文化变化，并且朝不利方向。
结尾(这在提纲里其实可有可无，提纲毕竟只是具体化的思路，并不是成文。依照文章具体的论证手法，内容，结尾可以个有千秋，只要把握住一条，符合全文主旨，就可以了，提纲里就算写了，很多时候也是无用功)
用题目分析到这里，文章连雏形都已经出来了，可是究竟什么是结构呢?
回到“文章是被记录下来的表达”这个原则。结构既然是写作的必须注意事项，就必然帮助表达。对于一篇议论，作者必须大量旁征博引才能令人信服得表述自己的观点，这其中牵扯着概念的重要性顺序-----用来证明全文立场的概念是论点，是最重要的概念;用来证明论点的概念是佐证，是次等重要的概念。所谓结构，最基本的用途是将文章所有用入的概念分段，一个论点与它的所有佐证为一段，不能佐证证明的是第二论点，却在第一论点的段落。-------这就是所谓的unity.
结构的第二用途仍然是帮助表达，从逻辑思路方面。好的议论能抓住人心，令人信服，首先必须让人能看懂作者的思路，让你说明在学习场所安装电视有无弊端，你却一会说电视节目的差异，一会说学生的素质如何，读者不知所云，自然不会被你说服。每个段落和论题的联系。作者本人知道并没有用，必须表现出来。说完节目差异加一句“不同节目对学生的利弊不同，不可一概而论”，讲过学生素质补充“素质差的学生群体使学习场所吵杂，安不安电视影响都不大”，将论点间，论点和论题间紧密结合起来，保证文章思路流畅，明白易懂，就是结构中过渡句的功效，使得行文达到ETS要求的progression和coherence。
具体把结构落实在IBT独立作文上，就是两点。
1.会分段。要清楚自己的行文思路，知道自己有几个论点。首段表明论点，废话不要讲。论证一段一个论点，不可以交叉。一个论段里要有论点句，其它所有句子都为论证这个点，废话不要讲。尾段总结论点共性，映证首段观点，废话不要讲……
2.会过渡。要记住必须过渡。要明白你为什么过渡-----如果这个过渡不证明论点和论题间的关系，而证明论点间的关系，要确定这个新论点也能证明论题。你的过渡不是为自己的文章过渡，而是帮读者的思维过渡，引领他们走进新的思维，所以必须确认过渡的方向，你是否正带着你的读者而离开你的论题。
从这两点观测，笔者在前文提到的明线(支持论题)贯穿的思路在拟提纲时不需要注意结构，就好解释了。因为明线的论点注定不会跑题，不用太在意过渡问题，只要分段恰当就可以了，而这点，下笔时留神就足够了。
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